Just a few Reminders

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Just a few Reminders

1. Remainder of vocabulary are due tomorrow 1/12
   (echoic memory to source amnesia)- 18 items.
2. Index cards should be turned in and Quiz will be
   given.
3. We will review Tuesday after quiz. All reading of
   Ch 8 should be complete by Tuesday at latest.
4. Chapter Test will be Wed/Thurs block -75
   Questions. (

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Memory Construction
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First a little activity

• You have a paper with some T/F questions.
• Please flip it over to the blank side.
• We are going to demonstrate the superiority of
  recognition over recall memory.
• Listen to the following list. (dont write
  anything down)

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• Write down as many as they you recall on a the
  blank sheet of paper . (flip it over when you are
  finished)
• Turn over the paper I just handed out and
  complete it.
• First, you are certain to recognize words you did
  not recall, demonstrating the superiority of
  recognition to recall memory.
• Second, how many of you recalled and wrote
• down the following
• pain (last item)
• thread (first item)
• point (middle item)
• sharp (middle item)

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• What is it called when you remember the first
  and last parts better than the middle?
• Serial position effect
• How many recalled and wrote down the word needle.
  On the first list you made?
• On the recognition task, ask how many gave
  needle a 3 or 4?
• False Memory. It was not on the verbal list.

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Memory Construction- itinerary

• Misinformation Effect
• Childrens Memories
• Hypnosis (in general), drugs, therapy
• Traumatic events
• Rosanne Barr
• Eyewitness Testimony
• Picking Cotton
• Environmental Contexts Internal Emotional States
• Déjà vu
• Types of Amnesia
• Ten Second Tom

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Misinformation effect

• Misinformation effect- when after exposure to
  subtle misinformation, many people misremember.
• Memories are not stored as exact copies,
• We construct our memories, using both stored and
  new information.
• In many experiments, people have witnessed an
  event, received or not received misleading
  information about it, and then taken a memory
  test.

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Misinformation effect

• Consider two witnesses to a car accident. (Billy
  and Sally).
• Billy is asked by a policeman, How fast was the
  car going when it smashed into the other vehicle
  
• Sally is asked by another policeman, How fast
  was the car going when it bumped into the other
  vehicle.
• Billys constructed memory will increase in
  numbers in comparison from Sallys. Influenced by
  the descriptive words smashed and bumped.

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Misinformation effect

• Misinformation effect can be caused by
• Leading questions
• Influence of people filling in gaps in memory
• Other testimony
• Repeated imagining and rehearsing nonexistent
  events cause false memories (imagination
  inflation).
• Source Amnesia- attribute to the wrong source an
  event the we have experienced, heard about, read
  about, or imagined. (Ex. Dreaming an event and
  trying to determine if it happened or it was a
  dream)

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Psychologists Questions on Misinformation Effect

• When are people susceptible to misinformation?
• Time (discrepancy detection principle)
• Subtle exposure
• Who is susceptible to misinformation?
• Young children
• Memory performance rises up to the age of 20
• Falls sharply at the age of 65
• What happens to the original memory?
• a. After much research it is commonly believed
  that misinformation does impair the original
  details of memory.
• Do people genuinely believe the misinformation?
• a. It is believed that people report
  misinformation confidently because they have the
  need to be good at recalling events.

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Childrens Memories

• Preschool Children are sensitive to suggestion,
  and their recollections of sexual abuse may be
  prone to error. (can be given suggestive
  interviewing techniques)
• Day Care Cases in 1980s- mass abuse. Falsely
  reported by children who were influenced by the
  interviewers.
• Innocent people have been falsely convicted of
  abuse that never happened, and true abusers have
  sued the controversy over recovered memories to
  avoid punishment.

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Repressed and Recovered Memories

• Psychologists agree that
• Abuse happens and can leave lasting scars
• Some innocent people have been falsely convicted
  of abuse that never happened and some true
  abusers have used the controversy over recovered
  memories to avoid punishment
• Forgetting isolated good and bad memories
  triggered by some memory cue is commonplace
• Infantile amnesia-inability to recall memories
  from the first three years of life makes recovery
  of very early childhood memories very unlikely.
• Both real and false memories cause stress and
  suffering.

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Hypnosis and Traumatic experiences

• Memories recovered under hypnosis or drugs or
  therapy are especially unreliable. Especially for
  children as are memories of things happening
  before age 3. (infantile amnesia)
• Traumatic experiences are usually vividly
  remembered, not banished into an active but
  inaccessible unconscious.

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Eyewitness Memory

• Now turn over the True False 8-9 sheet on
  Eyewitness Memory sheet and complete it. On
  statement 9, 28 experts indicated that the
  reverse is probably true.
• All the statements on the handout except
  statement 9 as true.

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Environmental contexts and internal emotional
states on retrieval.

• State Dependent Memories- tendency to recall
  information best in the same emotional state
  (mood) as when the information was learned.
• Context Dependent Memories- being in a context
  similar to one weve been in before may trick us
  into subconsciously
• retrieving an earlier experience.

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What is déjà vu?

• The term deja vu is French and means, literally,
  "already seen." Those who have experienced the
  feeling describe it as an overwhelming sense of
  familiarity with something that shouldn't be
  familiar at all.
• Younger people experience Deja vu more
  frequently, then the elder.
• Deja vu has been firmly associated with
  temporal-lobe epilepsy. It can occur just prior
  to a temporal-lobe seizure. People suffering a
  seizure of this kind can experience deja vu
  during the actual seizure activity or in the
  moments between convulsions.
• It could be simple fantasy or wish fulfillment,
  while some psychiatrists ascribe it to a
  mismatching in the brain that causes the brain to
  mistake the present for the past.

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Types of Amnesia (memory loss)

• Infantile Amnesia- inability of adults to
  remember the earliest years of their childhood.
  The amnesia generally covers events from birth
  until around three years old.
• Retrograde Amnesia -someone will be unable to
  recall events that occurred before the
  development of amnesia
• Anterograde Amnesia - loss of the ability to
  create memories after the event that caused the
  amnesia occurs. (Such as Ten Second Tom)

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