Realpolitik

1
Realpolitik

• Chapter 25-2

2
Italian Unification

• Movement in Italy shifted from Mazzini to
• King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia-Piedmont
• Supported by Prime Minister, Count Cavour
• Supported by Garibaldi and Red Shirts

3
Count Cavour

• King Victor Emmanuels Prime Minister
• 1852-61
• A moderate nationalist and aristocratic liberal
• Edited Il Risorgimento, a newspaper arguing that
  Sardinia should be the foundation of a new,
  unified Italy

4
Cavour made Sardinia-Piedmont a liberal and
economically viable state

• Modeled on the French Constitution of 1830 some
  civil liberties, parliamentary government with
  elections and parliamentary control of taxes
• Reformed the Judicial system
• Built up infrastructure (and employment)
• Law on Convents Secularized monastic land
• Siccardi Law decreased influence of th Church

5
The Popes Response

• Same as his response to the French Falloux Law
• Syllabus of Errors 1864 warned against
  liberalism, rationalism, socialism and separation
  of Church and state, as well as religious liberty

6
Cavour

• Had hoped to unify northern and central Italy
• Will become much more
• Joined Brits and French against Russia in 1855
• during the Crimean War
• Sought favor from French

7
Plombieres 1859

• Cavour gained a promise from Napoleon III that
  France would support a Sardinian war with Austria
  for the creation of a northern Italian kingdom
  controlled by Sardinia
• In return, France would gain Savoy and Nice
• Austria was provoked and declared war on Sardinia
  in 1859

8
Italian Unification

• 1859 Sardinia-Piedmont gained Lombardy but not
  Venetia as a result of the war
• Napoleon III aided Sardinia briefly but feared
  internal divisions, Austrias army, threat from
  Prussia
• 1860 Cavour annexed Parma, Modena, Romagna, and
  Tuscany
• France got Nice and Savoy

9
In the Meantime

• Garibaldi liberated Southern Italy and Sicily
  with 1,000 Red Shirts in 1860
• Then, Garibaldi allowed his conquests to be
  absorbed into Sardinia-Piedmont
• February 1861 Victor Emmanuel declared the King
  of Italy (all but Venice andRome)

10
Still Italy

• 1866 Sardinia made an agreement with Bismarck
  during the Austro-Prussian War
• Sardinia agreed to open up a front against
  Austria in exchange for Venice
• 1871 Rome was captured by Italian troops and
  became the capital
• France had been defeated by Germany and could not
  protect the Popes holdings

11
The End of Italy

• Politically unified BUT a big social and cultural
  gap
• The North Progressive and industrialized and
  Urban
• The South Stagnant and agrarian

12
German Unification

• After Humiliation of Olmutz
• The Zollverein still a source of tension
• Kleindeutsch Plan A unified Germany without
  Austria

13
Otto von Bismarck

• Led the drive for a Prussian-based unified
  Germany
• Junker background
• Obsessed with power
• The Gap Theory gained Bismarck favor with the
  King If the King and the legislature came to a
  stalemate the King should decide since he had
  granted the constitution

14
Bismarck continued

• The Gap refers to the fact that the Constitution
  did not foresee this kind of problem
• The Army crisis regarding reforms in the army
  created the stalemate
• Said, The great questions of the day will not be
  decided by speeches and resolutions- that was the
  blun der of 1848 and 1849- but by blood and iron.

15
Bismarck continued

• The government continued to collect taxes even
  though the parliament refused to approve the
  budget
• Bismarck oversaw a number of reforms improving
  the Prussian military

16
1863 Prussian-Danish War

• Germany and Austria defeated Denmark and took
  control of Schleswig and Holstein
• They were jointly administered by Austria and
  Prussia but many conflicts
• Led to the Austro-Prussian War

17
1866 The Austro-Prussian War

• Or the German Civil War (7 weeks)
• Bismarck prepared for war by first making
  negotiations with France, Italy and Russia for
  noninterference
• Prussia had a superior military
• Breech-loading rifles, use of RRs for troops
• Austria was given generous terms
• Italy gained Venice for opening up a front for
  Prussia against Austria

18
1867 The North German Confederation was
established

• President King William I
• Included all of the German states except Baden,
  Wurttemberg, Bavaria, Saxony
• Federal Constitution allowed each state its own
  local government

19
The North German Confederation

• ParliamentReichstagbicameral
• Bundestaglower house elected by universal male
  suffrage
• Bundesratupper house. Representatives from each
  state
• Above shared power equally

20
The North German Confederation continued

• The government structure allowed Bismarck to
  circumvent the Middle class by appealing directly
  to the working classes (Like Napoleon III)
• The Middle Class will be shut out of power and
  influence until WWI

21
1870-1871 The Franco-Prussian War

• Bismarck tried to provoke a war with France
• The Ems Dispatch A telegraph written by
  Bismarck giving his version of a meeting between
  the King and a French minister
• Bismarck claimed that the French diplomat ws
  kicked out of Germany after he had asked the King
  not to interfere with the Spanish succession

22
Franco-Prussian War

• In fact, William I was agreeable and did not
  throw the French diplomat out
• Bismarcks Plan to further unify Germany and to
  annex Alsace-Lorraine
• The Ems Dispatch was an insult to France and they
  declared war

23
Franco-Prussian War continued

• Bismarck used the war to bring the four remaining
  German states into the North German Confederation
• France was easily defeated. Shocked many
• 1871 Napoleon III captured
• Paris fell
• Decisive battles Metz and Sedan

24
Treaty of Frankfurt

• Alsace and Lorraine were ceded to Germany
• King William I became Emperor of Germany
• Called Kaiser Wilhelm
• Bismarck now the Imperial Chancellor
• Government structure remained but the Parliament
  had little real power
• The government became a conservative autocracy
  with nobility allied with the king

25
The Austro-Hungarian Empire

• Earlier defeat (Austro-Prussian War) forced
  Austria to deal with its ethnic groups
• Czechs and Hungarians continued with demands of
  autonomy at the very least
• Austrias defeat weakened its control at home

26
Ausgleich (Compromise)

• Official creation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
  (dual monarchy)
• Hungarians had their own assemble, cabinet, and
  administrative system
• But would support and participate with Austria in
  the Imperial army and in the Imperial Government

27
Different Ethnic Groups no integration

• Language in government and shcools was a divisive
  issue
• Bohemia a real problem (Czech or German?)
• Conservatives and socialists tried to make it
  work by stressing economic concerns
• Unsuccessful
• 1907 Universal male suffrage

28
Anti-Semitism in Austria-Hungary

• Jewish population in Austrian cities grew rapidly
  after Austria gave Jews full legal equality in
  1867
• By 1900 10 of the population
• Jewish population successful in banking, trade,
  the arts, intellectual community and science
  (Freud)
• German extremists charged Jews with controlling
  the economy and corrupting German culture with
  alien ideas and modern art

29
Magyar Rule in Hungary

• 1867 Magyar nobility revived the constitution of
  1848 and used it to dominate Magyar peasants and
  minority groups
• Only the wealthiest 25 of pop could vote
• Croatians and Romanians in particular resented
  laws enforcing the use of Magyar language in
  schools
• After 1871 Austro-Hungarian Empire much weakened