1.3 Resource Flows

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1.3 Resource Flows

• From where do resources come, and where do they
  end up?

Loop
Linear flow
versus
Loop
Learning objective to grasp how resource flows
are created and manipulated, and to become
familiar with methods of analysing resource flows
and the challenges they pose .
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
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Features of present policies and practices and
an anticipated paradigm shift

• Prime fertile soils converted to town areas
• Reduced recycling of organic material
• Less urban agriculture, etc.

More linear flows
while we instead need more short loops for
substances
J-O Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
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What comes in
Water ? 20-200 kg/p/day
Food ? 1-2 kg/p/day
house- hold
Consumer goods ? 1- ? kg/p/day
Energy ? gt 1 kg/p/day
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
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must go out
Urine 1.5-3 kg/d/p
Faeces 0.3 kg/d/p
pollutants
Greywater ? 20-200 kg/p/day
house- hold
Solid waste 1 - ? kg/d/p
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
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The trick is to bend todays many linear resource
flows

• Solid waste is the most visible output. It may be
  discarded or sorted and recycled. Scavengers
  perform an important service
• Faecal matter is very small in volume, but is a
  major health threat unless treated and used
  wisely
• Urine (urine) volumes are small. Bad odour may be
  a problem unless urine is returned to the soil
• Greywater is voluminous and a major challenge in
  dense areas but can be a useful product if
  handled well
• Stormwater may be a serious problem but
  harvesting it can augment household and
  irrigation water supplies
• Energy is invisible but heat may be recovered

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
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Water and nutrient kretslopp
Wastewater (greywater, urine, and faeces)
food
Rural home
City with linear flows
food
WWTP
Wastewater
water
Leaking pipes
chemicals
Sorting city
J-O Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
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Three examples of kretslopp thinking
Fraction Solid waste Organic
waste Faecal matter Urine (urine) Greywater
Stormwater
In Stockholm sorted in 8 fractions, collected and
reused organics composted together with
hygien-ised dry faecal material collected and
trucked to farm in situ after biological
treatment infiltration (no heavy rains)
In Kimberley No sorting, collected and put on
landfills dried and composted used in situ or
by truck to council gardens Greywater to pond
after biological treatment, and rainwater to the
same pond. Little rain.
In Kampala No sorting, burnt in situ, the rest to
landfill banana peels etc to animal feed dried
and composted in situ or collected Infiltrated
in situ and to drains In drains but flooding due
to heavy rains
Provides heating/energy
Soil conditioner
Provides soil conditioner
Soil conditioner
Soil conditioner
Liquid fertiliser
Liquid fertiliser
Liquid fertiliser
Irrigation water and biogas
Groundwater recharge
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
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Where do we go from here?
- protecting promoting human health, -
not contributing to environmental degradation or
depletion of resource base, - being
technically and institutionally appropriate,
economically viable and socially acceptable
NEW! Reduce generation and polluting content in
goods
Sustainabi l i ty
Solid waste
Reuse/recycle
Land fill
Incinerate
Interpretation of the waste hierarchy
Sludge
Liquid waste
Reuse/recycle
Polluting discharges
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
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Material Flow Analysis for human settlements
MFA uses the principle of mass balance
input output accumulated stock in the system
and provides a systematic description of the
flow of goods, materials or substances through
various processes and out of the system.
output
Process 1
input
Process 3
Process 2
output
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
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A resource flow model for a hamlet
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Courtesy of Jenny Aragundy, Ecuador
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The Stockholm model to improve sustainability
Courtesy of Stockholm Water Company
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Modelling the situation (MFA)

• Select the material, product or chemical you are
  interested in
• Include all the flows, uses, losses and disposals
• Find estimates for all flows and stocks

• Decide the boundaries of your system (dashed
  line)

livestock
agriculture
waste handling
deposit/ landfill
urine faeces
food
consumption
4 STEPS in modelling (1) Description of
the system (2) Formulation of model equations,
(3) Calibration, and (4) Simulation incl.
sensitivity and uncertainty analysis
hydrosphere
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
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Example 1 Actual reuse of nutrientsfrom
urban households in agriculture
Proportion being reused
100
Glass, tins, ceramics
Heavy metals
50
urine diversion
WC
stop
waste pits
only WC
WWTP
1910
1870
1950
2000
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
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Ex. 1 cont. Examples of ranges for parameters
Neset and Drangert, 2010
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Ex. 1 cont Sensitivity analysis
Phosphorus reuse and phosphorus losses 1870-2000
The filled curves represent calculated averages,
while coloured areas between the dotted curves
indicate uncertainty ranges due to estimated
input data (in kg phosphorus per capita per year)
Source Neset and Drangert, 2010
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Example 2 Eutrophication of Lake Dianchi, China
Production
Consumption
45 of TP
Farmland P leakage
385 tonnes
55 of TP
Lake Dianchi
33 tonnes
river downstream
Kunming city
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
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Dianchi
Ex. 2 Con't Urban P flow to Dianchi Lake, China


denitrification
street runoff
roof runoff

runoff
separate storm water drainage
industrial discharge
storm sewer
wrong connection
sludge
bath
kitchen
treated wastewater
HH
laundry
comb. sewer
WWTP
urine flush
overflow out of CSO tank
CSO tank
faeces flush
overflow out of combined sewer
infiltration incl. river water
exfiltration
Source Huang et al., 2007
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Ex 2 Con't Outcome to guide a new strategy

• 1. A major problem is that during heavy rains the
  wastewater bypasses the WWTP and washes all
  wastewater straight into the lake.
• 2. Groundwater and stormwater enter the
  poor-quality sewers and make up a large portion
  of the water coming to the WWTP
• 3. Even with the best available treatment
  technology (BAT with 98 P removal etc.) the
  discharge would still be twice what the lake can
  accommodate.
• 4. Source-control measures such as
  urine-diversion toilets and P-free detergents and
  body care products are required to avoid
  discharging untreated wastewater downstream the
  lake and, thus, just moving the environmental
  problems.

Do not mix waste streams
Infiltrate rainwater locally
Source separate urine
Source adjusted from Huang et al., 2007
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Example 3 P flows through Hanoi City
Source Montangero et al., 2004
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Ex. 3 con't Phosphorus flows in Hanoi City
Organic waste collection
Water supply
On-site sanitation
House- holds
Landfill
Sewerage drainage
Market
Composting
Agriculture
Courtesy of Agnes Montangero, 2007
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Ex. 3 con't Feeding the people of Hanoi - a
sensitivity analysis
Business as usual
2007 (3 M)
No septic tanks
No-meat diet
2015 (5 M residents)
Source Montangero et al., 2007
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Example 4 Nutrients and food security- a
simplified global mass balance
Source Clift and Shaw 2011, based on Cordell and
others
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Securing a sustainable phosphorus future
Ex 4 con't

Business as usual

The future is not all dark!
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Strategies for sanitation improvements

• Principle
• Organic ? other solid waste
• Stormwater ? sewage
• Industrial ? household wastewater
• Black toilet water ? greywater
• Faeces ? urine

mix as few flows as possible
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden