Geography

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Geography

• Few natural resources
• Although coastline extensive, few natural harbors
  limited seafaring skills
• Predominantly agricultural Plains of Latium
• Land open to invasion / farmer-soldiers

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The Etruscans

• Dominated central and northern Italian Peninsula
• Confederation of city-states
• Flourishing trade with the East
• Alphabet based on Greek- not totally decipherable
• Great respect for women

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The Etruscans

• Influences on Rome
• The Arch
• The Vault
• Gladiator combat (funeral rite)
• Studying animal entrails

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Early Greek Influences

• Greek colonies on peninsula / Sicily
• Influences include
• Religion
• Alphabet
• Crops- grapes and olives

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The Origins of Rome

• Indo-Europeans 2,000-1,000 BCE
• City-state of Rome founded 753 BCE
• Tiber River / Seven Hills of Rome
• Strategic importance

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The Origins of Rome

• Romulus and Remus
• Rape of the Sabine Women

Origins 354
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The History of Rome

• Roman history in three major political phases
• The Kingdom (753-507)- Traditionally, rule by
  seven kings from Romulus to Tarquinius Superbus
• The Republic (507-31)- Rule by Senate, Consuls,
  Assemblies, and dictators
• The Empire (31 BCE 476 CE)- Rule by emperors

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The Kingdom

• Senate (Senex- old man)- Council of elders
  (clan chiefs)
• Possible veto power over king
• Tarquinius Superbus (Etruscan)
• Etruscan construction

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The Kingdom

• The Rape of Lucretia
• Patriotic Myths
• Suspicion of monarchy
• Etruscans absorbed by growing Roman state

The Rape of Lucretia
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The Republic

• Territorial expansion and warfare (Sabines,
  Samnites, etc)
• Use of diplomacy and citizenship
• Cincinnatus
• The ideal of the Virtuous Citizen

Romes Military 829
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The Republic

• Class structure
• Patrician- wealthy, landowning families from
  origins of Rome
• Plebeians- farmers, soldiers, merchants could
  vote
• Intermarriage forbidden until fourth century BCE
• Slaves
• Power struggle / civil war between Patricians and
  Plebeians throughout Republic period

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The Republic

• Roman Republican Bureaucracy
• Senate- old prestigious families Patricians
  oligarchy
• Consuls (x2)- executive leaders in battle
• Praetors- administered laws
• Quaestors- administered treasury
• Tribune (x10)- protected rights of Plebeians
• Until fourth century BCE, officials drawn from
  Patrician class only

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The Republic

• Roman Legislative Bodies
• The Senate - composed of 300 Patricians served
  for life advised the government
• The Centuriate Assembly - based on classes
  elected officials passed laws
• The Council of the Plebs - formed in 471 BCE In
  287 BCE its laws were binding on all citizens

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The Punic Wars

• Series of three wars with Carthage (264-146 BCE)
• Dominance in Mediterranean
• First Punic War
• Conflict over Greek and Carthaginian colonies in
  southern Italy / Sicily
• Sicily absorbed by Rome
• The Corvus

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The Punic Wars

• Second Punic War
• Roman interference in Carthaginian Spain
• Hannibal
• Crossing of Alps
• Battle of Lake Trasimene
• Battle of Cannae
• Battle of Zama

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Second Punic War
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The Punic Wars

• Cato Carthage must be destroyed
• New Roman province of North Africa
• Breadbasket of Rome
• Roman conquest of Macedonia and Greece
• Gift of Pergamum

The Punic Wars 1420
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Social Unrest and Revolt

• Decline of small farms and rise of large
  landowners
• Migration of landless poor to Rome
• Rise of commercial farming latifunda
• Labor market versus slavery
• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

Rise of the Roman Republic 822
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Social Unrest and Revolt

• Marius oath / landless poor
• Sulla
• Seized Rome with military (82 BCE)
• Civil War
• Abolished all assemblies except Senate
• Set precedent of violent political action

Marius
Sulla
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Social Unrest and Revolt

• Emergence of the First Triumvirate
• Julius Caesar, Crassus, Pompey
• Crassus killed by Parthians 53 BCE
• Senate support of Pompey versus Caesar
• Crossing the Rubicon civil war
• Defeat of Pompey
• Caesar made dictator 47 BCE

Julius Caesar
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Social Unrest and Revolt

• Caesar initiates reforms
• Adopts Egyptian solar calendar Julian Calendar
  with 365 days
• Senate fears monarchy
• Caesar assassinated 44 BCE

The assassination of Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar and Rhine Bridge 1011
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The End of the Republic

• The Second Triumvirate Octavian, Marc Antony,
  Lepidus
• Civil war - conspirators defeated
• Rome divided / ruled by Octavian and Antony
• Antony and Cleopatra
• Battle of Actium
• Deaths of Antony and Cleopatra

The death of Cleopatra
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Empire

• Octavian restores power to the Senate
• Awarded titles of Augustus and imperator
• Expands into Balkans, Germany
• Establishes Praetorian Guard

Caesar Augustus (Octavian)
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Empire

• Julio-Claudian Dynasty
• Augustus
• Tiberius
• Caligula
• Claudius
• Nero

Nero
Nero 1232
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The Five Good Emperors

• (96 180 CE)
• Nerva
• Trajan
• Hadrian
• Antoninus Pius
• Marcus Aurelius

Nerva
Trajan
Hadrian
Trajan 829
Antoninus Pius
Marcus Aurelius
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Roman Engineering

• A lasting legacy

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Roman baths were used as meeting places where one
could not only bathe but eat, conduct business,
and be entertained
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Roman aqueducts provided as much fresh water to
Roman citizens as is provided today
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Water was taken from mountain sources and moved
along underground and aboveground channels using
the force of gravity A fountain could be found at
the terminus of each aqueduct to release its
pressure
Water 657
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Roman Roads 310
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Hadrians Wall - Hadrian put the empire into a
defensive mode
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To facilitate the transport of trade goods, the
Romans constructed a port at Portus bypassing the
inadequate Ostia
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Python Roman Adv 159
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Empire

• Romans promoted cultural unity through the Latin
  language, Roman law, and citizenship
• 212 CE - Emperor Caracalla made all free people
  within the empire citizens

Forum Latin 144
Python Latin 146
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Roman Law

• Roman law was based on the Twelve Tables set in
  450 BCE
• Law dealt with both citizen and non-citizen
  evolved into Law of Nations
• Standards included
• Innocent until proven guilty
• Right to a defense before a judge
• Responsibility of judge to weigh evidence before
  rendering verdict

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Roman Life

• Wealth gap
• Wealth stimulated long-distance trade (India,
  China)
• Rise of land estates - commercial farming work
  done by slaves

Roman Feast 1309
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• City of Rome landless poor
• Insulae
• Unemployment versus slavery

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• Paterfamilias
• Rights of Father early versus late Rome
• Rights of women early versus late Rome

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Access to public buildings
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Greek Influences on Late Rome

• Post-Conquest removal of Greek art and
  literature
• Popularity of Greek slaves
• Popularity of Greek philosophy / religion
  (Stoicism)
• Transmission of Greek culture
• Captive Greece took captive her rude conqueror
  Horace

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Bread and Circuses

• Free bread and entertainment
• Political advantages

Colosseum 1046
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Slavery

• Slavery in nearly all areas of Roman life
• Some measure of freedom
• Cost benefits of slavery
• Slave revolts Spartacus (73 BCE) 70,000 slaves
• Impact of slavery on technological development

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Slavery

• War is business Generals as slavers
• Julius Caesar 58,000 slaves from one battle

1 / 1313
2 / 1837
3 / 1226
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Roman Religion

• Based on Greek gods
• Paterfamilias daily offerings to Vesta
  (goddess of the home)
• Emperors often proclaimed gods to gain support
  from masses
• Romans usually tolerant of other religions

Vestal Virgin
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Rome and the Jews

• Judea - Roman province in 6 CE
• Sadducees favored Roman rule
• Zealots nationalists advocated violent
  overthrow of Roman rule
• 66 CE Zealots begin revolt

Judean Uprising 432
Python Stoning 231
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Rome and the Jews

• Masada
• Sack of Jerusalem (Ark)
• Judea under total Roman control
• The Jewish Diaspora (80 CE)

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Rome and Christianity

• Political climate when Jesus preached
• Roman Procurator Pontius Pilate
• Peter and Paul of Tarsus Christianity a Jewish
  sect?
• Use of Roman roads
• New Testament- writings between 40-100 CE
• Importance of Jerusalem

Pilate washing his hands
Rise of Christianity 202
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Rome and Christianity

• Persecution sporadic based on perceived threat
  to state
• Nero - first persecution
• Church developed organizational structure with
  salaried priests and bishops
• Christianity widespread by 300s CE
• Fulfilled need to belong, personal salvation

Feeding Christians to the animals
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Rome and Christianity

• Last great persecution under Diocletian in fourth
  century CE
• Constantine first Christian emperor
• Edict of Milan
• Christianity made state religion under Theodosius
  the Great (378 395 CE)

Constantine
Constantine 305
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Romes Decline and Fall

• Barracks Emperors
• Loss in population due to plague, famine,
  decrease in agricultural production
• Shrinking revenues debasement of coins,
  hereditary occupations
• Military defeats inroads by Germanic tribes
• Population soft, corrupt, decadent
• Sharing of power Tetrarchy for short period
  beginning with Diocletian

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Constantinople
West
East
The empire was split between two emperors each
assisted by two Caesars
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Romes Decline and Fall

• East eclipsed West in wealth shift in political
  power
• Huns and Germanic tribes
• Emperor Romulus Augustulus deposed 476 CE
• West disintegrates East survives as Byzantine
  Empire

The sack of Rome
Decline 1 / 1223
Decline 2 / 1806
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