Stage 15

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Relative Clauses

• Stage 15

2
A clause.

• is a group of words with a subject and a verb.

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A relative clause

• starts with a relative pronoun
• e.g. qui, quae, quod (nom. sing.)
• quem, quam, quod (acc. sing.)
• describes a noun (or pronoun) that comes before
  it (the antecedent)
• Is an an adjective clause

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A relative pronoun

• Agrees in gender and number with the noun it
  describes.
• e.g.vir, qui (masc. sing.)
• femina, quae (fem. sing.)
• templum, quod (neuter sing.)

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The case

• of the relative pronoun depends on how it is used
  in the clause,
• i.e., Is it the subject?
• (Then the pronoun is nominative.)
• or Is it the object?
• (Then the pronoun is accusative.)

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Relative Pronouns

• Singular Plural
• M F N M F N
• Nom. qui quae quod qui quae quae
• who who which who who which
• Acc. quem quam quod quos quas quae
• whom whom which whom whom which

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Examples

• ancilla urnam portabat.
• The slave girl was carrying the jug.
• ancilla, quae post Salvium ambulabat, urnam
  portabat.
• The slave girl, who was walking behind Salvius,
  was carrying the jug.
• The words in bold form a relative clause. The
  underlined word which introduces the clause is a
  relative pronoun.

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More Examples

• vilicus, qui cum praecursoribus equitabat, ad
  Salvium rediit.
• The farm manager, who was riding with the
  forerunners, returned to Salvius.
• (The relative clause describes the farm
  manager.)
• prope iuvenes erat plaustrum, quod totam viam
  claudebat.
• Near the young men was a wagon, which was
  blocking the whole road.
• (The relative clause describes the wagon.)

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Practice

• Return to pp. 52-53. Translate the picture
  captions. Copy each sentence with a relative
  clause. Underline the clause and circle the noun
  it describes.
• 1. senex, qui sceptrum tenebat, erat rex
  Cogidubnus.
• The old man, who was holding the scepter, was
  king Cogidubnus.
• 2. femina, quae coronam gerebat, erat regina.
• The woman, who was wearing a crown, was the queen.

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• 3. donum, quod regem maxime delectavit, erat
  equus.
• The gift, which pleased the king very greatly,
  was a horse.
• 4. vinum, quod ancillae ferebant, erat in patera
  aurea.
• The wine, whic the slave girls were carrying, was
  in a golden bowl.
• 5. agnus, quem servus ducebat, erat victima.
• The sheep, which the slave was leading, was the
  sacrifice.
• 6. victima, quam servus tenebat, balavit.
• The sacrifice, which the slave was holding,
  bleated.

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Review

• Relative Clauses
• are phrases that describe nouns.
• begin with the relative pronouns qui, quae, quod
  (nom. sing.) or
• quem, quam, quod (acc. sing.)
• Practice 2 Ex. C, p. 58, 1-6
• Translate each sentence, then write down the
  LATIN relative clause and the LATIN noun it
  describes.