MUSICAL

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MUSICAL PERIODS
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Romantic Period
1825-1900

• Germany/Austria Schubert, Schumann, Brahms,
  Wagner, Mahler
• France Berlioz, Bizet
• Hungary Liszt
• Czechoslovakia Dvorak
• Russia Tchaikovsky
• Poland Chopin
• Italy Verdi

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Romantic Period

• TITLE Habanera, from Carmen (1875)
• COMPOSER Georges Bizet
• GENRE operatic aria
• INSTR mezzo-soprano orchestra
• NOTES - Carmen sings of the untameable nature of
  love
• - its exotic flavor is due to its use of the
  Cuban/Spanish habanera dance rhythm

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Romantic Period

• CHARACTERISTICS

FORMS
symphony (expanded) opera (Verdi/Wagner)
art song symphonic poem character piece
(piano)
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Romantic Period
CHARACTERISTICS
INSTRUMENTS
piano becomes more expressive to the
orchestra add tuba, piccolo, harp, percussion
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Romantic Period
CHARACTERISTICS
ELEMENTS AND FEATURES
expressive/emotional (as opposed to structure
of the Classical period) Nationalism program
music (music tells a story) homophonic to
polyphonic some dissonance (more than in
Classical) middle class audience (Industrial
Revolution) expansion of forms dynamics fff
/ ppp / fp / sfz
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20th Century Period
1900-present

• France Debussy, Ravel
• Germany Schoenberg, Berg
• Russia Stravinsky, Prokofiev
• Hungary Bartok
• UK Holst, Britten
• US Copland, Ives
• also JAZZ ROCK

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20th Century Period

• TITLE Wozzeck, Act III (1925)
• COMPOSER Alban Berg
• GENRE opera
• INSTR orchestra singers
• NOTES - avant-garde opera that uses atonality,
  Sprechstimme (speak-singing) leitmotifs
  (recurring musical idea connected to a person,
  place or idea)
• - tragic tale of a soldier who goes mad

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20th Century Period

• CHARACTERISTICS

FORMS
Classical Baroque forms formless music
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20th Century Period
CHARACTERISTICS
INSTRUMENTS
saxophone electronic instruments more
percussion
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20th Century Period
CHARACTERISTICS
ELEMENTS AND FEATURES
highly dissonant (generally) many styles
impressionism, expressionism, serialism,
atonality (no key), aleatoric (random) music