Chapter 28 Lesson 3

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Chapter 28 Lesson 3

• Responding to Common Emergencies

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Youll learn to

• Analyze strategies for responding to muscle,
  joint, and bone injuries.
• Analyze strategies for responding to
  unconsciousness.
• Analyze strategies for responding to animal bites
• Analyze strategies for responding to nosebleeds
  and to foreign objects in the eye.

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Injury to Muscles, Bones Joints

• When too much stress is put on an area of the
  body, an injury may occur.
• These injuries vary in severity and can affect
  the bones, muscles, tendons, or ligaments.

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Injuries

• Injuries to muscles, bones joints happen often
• Happen to people of all ages
• Happen at home, at work, and at play

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Muscle Cramps

• A muscle cramp is the sudden painful tightening
  of a muscle.
• Muscle cramps can occur when youre physically
  active or at rest.
• Some medications can also cause them.

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Muscle Cramps continued

• If a muscle cramp occurs
• Stretch out the affected muscle
• Massage the cramped muscle
• Apply moist heat
• Get medical help, if it persists

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Strains

• Stretching and tearing of muscles tendons
• Usually resulting from overuse, caused by lifting
  something heavy or working muscle too hard
• Symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising, and
  loss of movement.

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Sprain

• Usually result from a sudden twisting force.
  Tearing ligaments at a joint
• Mild sprains may swell, but usually heal quickly
• Severe sprain can involve a fracture/dislocation
• Joints easily injured-(ankle, knee, wrist, finger)

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Sprains Strains

• General care (R.I.C.E.)
• Rest
• Ice- 20 minutes on, 20 off
• Compression- elastic wrap or bandage
• Elevate- above the level of the heart
• Cold then heat-reduces swelling and pain

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Four Basic Types of Injuries

• Fractures
• Dislocations
• Strains
• Sprains

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Fractures

• Complete break, chip or crack
• Closed
• Fractures can be life-threatening if they involve
  breaks in large bones, sever an artery, affects
  breathing

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Fractures

• Open (compound)-bone breaks through the skin

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Dislocations

• Is the movement of a bone at a joint from its
  normal position
• Usually more obvious than a fracture
• Usually tears ligament away from bone
• Forms a bump, ridge or hallow

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Splinting

• Splint only when victim must be moved
• Only if you can do it without causing more pain
• Splint the injury in the position you find it
• Check circulation

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Types of Splints

• Soft splints
• Anatomic splints
• Slings
• Rigid splints

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Unconsciousness

• Is a condition in which a person is not alert and
  aware of his or her surroundings.
• There are different levels of unconsciousness
  ranging from drowsiness to coma.
• The primary goal when providing first aid to an
  unconscious victim is to prevent choking.
• Place victim in the recovery position until
  professional medical help arrives.

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Recovery Position

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Fainting

• Occurs when the blood supply to the brain is
  temporarily inadequate.
• Loss of consciousness is usually brief.
• Treat fainting as a medical emergency until the
  symptoms are relieved and the cause is known.

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Fainting continued

• If you feel faint, lie/sit down and place your
  head between your knees.
• If someone else faints, position the person on
  his/her back with legs elevated 8-12 above the
  heart, unless you suspect a head, neck or back
  injury.
• If the victim vomits, roll him/her into the
  recovery position.

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Concussion

• Is a jarring injury to the brain that affects
  normal brain function.
• If you suspect a person has a concussion
• Have victim lie down
• Use first aid for any bleeding
• If unconscious and you do not suspect a head,
  neck or back injury, place him/her into the
  recovery position and call 911.

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Animal Bites

• One of the most serious consequences of an animal
  bite is rabies, a viral disease of the nervous
  system that causes paralysis and death if not
  treated.
• There is no cure for rabies after symptoms appear.

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Animal Bites

• Animal bites also carry the risk for infection,
  including tetanus (often a fatal disease)
• Tetanus can be treated, the treatment is long,
  difficult, and often unsuccessful.
• It can be prevented by keeping immunizations up
  to date.

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First Aid for Animal Bites

• Wash the bite area with mild soap warm water
  for five minutes to remove saliva any other
  foreign matter.
• Use direct pressure to control bleeding.
• If the wound is swollen, apply ice wrapped in a
  towel for 10 minutes
• Cover the wound with a clean dressing or bandage

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Nosebleeds

• Often occur if the nose is struck or if the
  mucous membranes dry out
• Seek medical attention if they occur often.
• Treatment
• Tell person to breath through his/her mouth
• Have person sit and lean forward
• Do not tilt the head back-this may cause choking
  if blood runs down the back of the throat.
• Use a protective barrier and press on the
  bleeding nostril

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Object in the Eye

• Foreign objects (dirt, sand, slivers of wood or
  metal) that enter the eye are irritating can
  cause damage.
• Encourage the person not to rub the eye, but to
  blink several times.
• If blinking does not work, try and find it in the
  eye.
• First wash your hands and gently pull the lower
  eyelid down while the person looks up.
• If you do not see anything , hold the upper
  eyelid examine while the person looks down.

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Object in the Eye continued

• If you see the object on the surface of the eye,
  lightly touch it with a moist cotton swab.
• You can also flush the eye with sterile saline
  solution or tap water.
• Tilt the persons head to the side so that the
  affected eye is lower than the unaffected eye.
• Hold the eye open and pour a steady stream of
  cool water into the eye.
• Seek professional help if the object is not
  removed.

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Chapter 28 Lesson 3 Review Questions

1. There are four basic types of injuries, name
   them
2. What is a fracture?
3. What is an open fracture?
4. What is the primary goal when providing first
   aid?
5. What are two common causes of nosebleeds?

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Chapter 28 Lesson 3 Review Questions continued

• 6. What does R.I.C.E stand for? And what is it
  used for?
• 7. What is the difference between a sprain and a
  strain?
• 8. What are the types of splints, name them?
• 9. What is the recovery position?
• 10. What is a concussion and how do you care for
  it?