Title: RISE OF MASS DEMOCRACY
1RISE OF MASS DEMOCRACY
2Politics Of The People
- By the 1820s democracy of all the people was no
longer considered something to be feared. - People wanted to be more involved
- Asset to be seen as man of the people, and not of
the elite. - Politicians had to find a way to appeal to the
common man
3Jacksonian Democracy
- Jacksonian Democracy--politics of the masses and
for the masses. - Logical extension of Jeffersonian Democracy.
- Jeffersonpeople should be governed as little as
possible. - Jacksongoverning should be done directly by the
people. - Jackson believed in small government although
believed in strong President. - Catalyst universal white male suffrage.
4Voting Requirements in the Early 1800s
5Factors Leading To The New Democracy
- Outgrowth of egalitarian republican ideals of the
revolution - Growth of market economy
- Panic of 1819
- Missouri Comprise of 1820
- Consequences
- Voter turnout much higher
- Campaigning much more aggressive and overt
- Nominating conventions replaced Congressional
Caucus so that presidential candidates are
selected more democratically
6Election of 1824
- Jackson is very popular war hero and runs as
candidate of the west and common man. - Has three opponents
- John Quincy Adams--Monroes Sec. of State.
Candidate of Easterners and establishment. - Henry Clay -Also a westerner and natural regional
rival of Jackson. But much different view of
role of national government. - William Crawford--Southerner
7Election of 1824
- All four Democratic-Republicans
- But, clear factions
- Jackson benefit common man limited national
government. - Clay and Adams strong activist federal
government. - Federalists-light
- Calhoun VP on both Adams and Jackson tickets.
8Electoral College Deadlock
- Jackson wins the most popular votes (42) and
electoral votes, but does not get a majority of
the electoral votes. - Thus, House must choose between the top three.
- Clay finished fourth and is eliminated.
- Crawford has a stroke
- Thus, between Adams and Jackson
9Corrupt Bargain?
- Why does Clay have the power to influence the
vote? - Why does Clay back Adams?
- Adams wins the presidency Clay becomes Sec. of
State. - Jacksons supporters scream corrupt bargain
10A Corrupt Bargain?
11John Quincy Adams
- Austere.
- Short, bald, stiff and frosty. Loner.
- Very successful Sec. of State, but was not well
suited to the presidency. - How he won made things worse
- Was first minority President
- He refused to play the spoils game made
supporters grumpy
12Adams Unpopular Policies
- Adams Nationalistic policies went against the
tide of opinion. - Advocated national roads, canals, universities,
observatories - South objected. Why?
- Tried to protect Indians in Georgia.
13Going Whole Hog For Jackson In 1828
- Jackson v. Adams, again.
- Democratic-Republican party splits into two.
- National Republicans, led by Adams.
- Policies?
- Democratic-Republicans, led by Jackson. Become
the Democrats. - Policies?
141828 Election Results
- Nasty campaign full of mud-slinging.
- Jackson wins 178-83 in the electoral college.
Adams polls only 44. - Jackson carries the South and West and the
Eastern laborers. - Adams carries New England and the moneyed class.
15Jackson InaugurationFirst Kegger in the White
House?
16Jacksonian Revolution
- Election of 1828 one of most important in US
history. - Marks a major change in American Politics.
- Why was it a revolution?
17The Center of Population in theCountry Moves WEST
18The Advent Of Old Hickory Jackson
- Jackson personified the new west. He was
individualistic, rugged, versatile and a war
hero. - Personal History
- Jacksons Firsts
- First president from the west
- First to be nominated at a formal convention
- First President without a college education
(except Washington) - First President who not part of the educated
elite that was at the heart of the revolution and
the Constitution.
19Jacksons Philosophy
- Suspicious of the federal government because it
was remote from the people - Believed in limited Fed. government (See
Jefferson) - Hostile to the active federal econ. role of
American System National Bank - Strong believer in the Union
- opposed nullification and those who did not
believe that federal power was supreme. (See
Hamilton) - Very strong president. Insisted on prompt and
loyal support from his subordinates. - He was the great vetoer Vetoed more bills than
predecessors combined.
20The Spoils System
- Jacksons attitude toward bureaucracy and spoils
system. - During Jacksons 8 years only about 20 of civil
servants were dismissed, but sets a bad
precedent. - Problems with spoils system
21Tariff of Abomination
- New England and East like Tariffs. Reduces
competition. - South and West hate tariffs.
- Economic concerns
- Political/Sectional concern
- Jacksons supporters try to put JQ Adams in
political trap by pushing for a very high tariff. - Plan backfires, and tariff is passed.
- South is outraged at Adams, and calls it Tariff
of Abomination
22South Carolina Exposition and Nullification
- Calhoun secretly writes, The South Carolina
Exposition. - What is his thesis?
23Nullies In South Carolina
- Tariff of 1832
- South Carolina votes to nullify the tariff.
- Threatens to secede
- Jacksons reaction.
- Jackson issues proclamation against nullification
and raises an army to march on SC - Things at a dangerous crisis point.
24Nullification Crisis
- Henry Clay is motivated to find a compromise.
- Tariff Bill of 1833
- As a face-saving device, Congress passes the
force bill. - South Carolina happy for this out. Why?
- SC repeals nullification.
25Transplanting The Tribes
Trail of Tears
26Transplanting the Tribes
- Legal status of Indians
- Attitudes of Americans toward Indians
- Five Civilized tribes in South East
- Jacksons attitude toward Indians
27Indian Removal Act
- Indian Removal Act (1830).
- voluntary removal of Indians from southeast to
reservations in Eastern Kansas and Oklahoma. - Forced removal of over 100,000 Indians.
- Heaviest blow falls on the Five Civilized Tribes
- Theory behind the policy
- Trail of Tears
- Bureau of Indian Affairs -1836
- Black Hawk Rebellion
28Indian Removal
29The Bank As A Political Football
- Jackson and supporters hated BUS.
- Some of Jacksons allegations were true.
- It was hostile to wildcat banks of the west.
- It did foreclose on a number of western farms.
- It was a mammoth and monopolistic bank.
- It was to some extent autocratic and tyrannical.
- It did greatly impact economy.
-
30Analysis of BUS
- Many good things about the Bank.
- Imposed restraint on wildcat banks.
- It reduced bank failures
- It provided a national paper currency
- It promoted economic expansion.
- Allowed nations funds to be effectively recycled
back into the economy.
31Clays Scheme
- Clay used the Bank issue to try to hurt Jackson
politically - Clays Scheme?
- Why does it backfire?
- Clay gets recharter bill passed.
- Jackson vetoes and issues a scathing veto message
- Basis for veto
- Significance of veto
32The Bank As A Political Football
- Jacksons veto is very popular with rural, South
and West. - Increases Jacksons popularity with his core
constituency. - Antagonizes nationalists
- BUS is now one prime issues in the election of
1832.
33Election of 1832
- Jackson (Dem.-Rep.) v. Clay (National
Republicans) - First election with a third party.
- Anti-Masonic Party
- First election with national nominating
conventions - Clay seems to have a huge advantage. Why?
- But, Jackson wins easily. Why?
341832 Election Results
35Badgering Biddles Bank
- Jackson believed he had a mandate to end the BUS
when its charter expired in 1836. - Jackson decides to weaken it before issue of
recharter comes up. Why? - Jacksons Plan
- Pet Banks
- Biddles Response?
- Consequences?
Nicholas Biddle
36The Birth Of The Whigs
- Whig Party emerges in 1834. Cause?
- Clay and Calhoun.
- Democratic-Republicans now Democrats.
- Primary common bond is opposition to Jackson.
- Dubbed an Organized incompatibility
- Elements of Whig Party?
37Election of 1836
- In 1836 Whigs run several regional candidates.
- Why?
- What is their strategy?
- Jackson hand-picks Van Buren as his successor and
engineers his nomination. - Van Buren won only a narrow majority of the
popular vote, but won electoral vote, 170-124.
38Woes for Van Buren
- Skilled politician and very bright.
- Inherited lots of political problems.
- Party peeved at Jackson rammed through his
nomination - Inherits all Jacksons enemies, but not Jacksons
support from common man. - Jacksons economic policies (specie circular)
caused economic downturn. - Problems with Canada and Texas.
39Depression And Independent Treasury
- Panic of 1837.
- Causes?
- Effects?
- Whigs propose solutions involving government
action, but Van Buren vetoes. Why? - Van Burens Plan Independent Treasury Bill
(Divorce Bill)
40American Settlement in Texas
- 1823 Mexico grants a huge tract of land to
Stephan Austin. - Mexicos conditions on settlers
- Why does Mexico open land to Americans?
- Americans come, but largely ignore the two
conditions.
Moses Austin
41American Settlement in Texas
- 1835, 30,000 Americans in Texas.
- Davy Crockett, Sam Bowie and Sam Houston.
- Tension between Mexico and Texans
- Slavery issue
- Mexicos policies to regain control
- Santa Anna
Sam Houston. First Governor of Texas Big Drunk
42Texas Revolution
- Early 1836, Texas declares its independence with
Sam Houston as commander in chief. - Santa Anna attacks the Alamo
- Goliad
- Santa Anna defeated at San Jacinto
- Santa Anna captured and forced to sign treaty
under duress. Rio Grande - Santa Anna quickly repudiated the treaty, but
doesnt have power to attack again.
43Texas an International Derelict
- Texas could not have won its Independence without
US help. Unofficial help, but also very tangible.
Both men and supplies. - This increased Mexico-US tensions.
- Texas causes political tension in US. Why?
44Texas an International Derelict
- Texas wanted diplomatic recognition from US.
- Jackson was reluctant to recognize Texas as an
independent republic. - Why?
- On last day of office he does recognize Texas.
- Texans want to be part of the US and request
annexation. - Why was annexation by US politically complicated?
45Election of 1840
- Van Buren nominated by the Dems in 1840 no
strong alternative. - Whigs passed over Clay and Webster and nom.
William Henry Harrison. Why? - John Tyler of Va. is his VP
- Harrison platform vague.
- Why Whigs win
46The Two Party System Emerges
- Two party system began to reemerge under Jackson
and fully reemerged in the election of 1840 with
the Whigs. - Both parties were big-tent parties containing
diverse elements - Were also diverse geographically, and their
presence helped retard the development of purely
sectional parties
47Whigs v. Democrats
- Democrats
- States rights
- federal restraint in social and economic affairs
- Champion of individual and working class.
- Distrusted privileged class attempts to usurp
government - Strong in South and West
- Opposed high tariffs as benefiting eastern
business at expense of farmer.
- Whigs (Majority)
- willing to use government to realize their
objectives - argued against using class differences to appeal
to self interest of one class over another. - Believed in strong govt initiative such as the
BUS, tariffs, internal improvements, public
schools and moral reform, such as slavery.