Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE

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Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE

• Tarbuck Lutgens

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Chapter 4
Earths Resources
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4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources
? Renewable resources can be replenished over
fairly short spans of time, such as months,
years, or decades.
? Nonrenewable resources take millions of years
to form and accumulate.
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4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources
? Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons that may be used
as fuel, including coal, oil, and natural gas.
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Fossil Fuels

• Coal forms when heat and pressure transform plant
  material over millions of years
• Primarily used to create electricity in power
  plants (70 of coal)
• Significant stores, but creates air pollution and
  damages the land

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Petroleum and Natural Gas

• Formed from the remains of plants and animals
  buried in ancient seas
• Can become trapped (example is an anticline)
• When the cap rock is punctured pressure is
  released and the oil/gas move toward the drill
  hole

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Anticlines Are Common Oil Traps
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4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources
? Fuels derived from tar sand and oils shales
could become good substitutes for dwindling
petroleum supplies.
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Tar Sands
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Oil Shale
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4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources
? Some of the most important mineral deposits
form through igneous processes and from
hydrothermal solutions.

• Ore is a useful metallic mineral that can be
  mined at a profit.

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Mineral-Rich Hot Water Seeps into Rock Fractures
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4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources
? Nonmetallic mineral resources are extracted and
processed either for the nonmetallic elements
they contain or for their physical and chemical
properties.
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Uses of Nonmetallic Minerals
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4.2 Alternate Energy Sources
? Solar energy has two advantages
1. Solar energys fuel is free.
2. Solar energy is non-polluting.
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4.2 Alternate Energy Sources
? In nuclear fission, the nuclei of heavy atoms
such as uranium-235 are bombarded with neutrons.
? The uranium nuclei split into smaller nuclei
and emit neutrons and heat energy.
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Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant
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4.2 Alternate Energy Sources
? In the next 50 to 60 years, wind power could
meet between 5 to 10 percent of the countrys
demand for electricity.
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Wind Turbines
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4.2 Alternate Energy Sources
? Hydroelectric power is the power generated by
falling water.
? The water held in a reservoir behind a dam is a
form of stored energy that can be released
through the dam to produce electric power.
? The strong water flow that results drives
turbines and electric generators.
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Glen Canyon Dam
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4.2 Alternate Energy Sources
? Geothermal energy is harnessed by tapping
natural underground reservoirs of steam and hot
water.
? Hot water is used directly for heating and to
turn turbines that generate electric power.
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The Geysers Is the Worlds Largest Electrical
Geothermal Facility
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4.2 Alternate Energy Sources
? Tidal power is harnessed by constructing a dam
across the mouth of a bay or an estuary in
coastal areas.
? The strong in-and-out flow of tidal water
drives turbines and electric generators.
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Tidal Power
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Tidal Dams
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Water, Air and Land Resources

• Water covers 71 of Earths surface.
• Most of this water is salt water.
• Oceans are important!
• Currents regulate and moderate Earths climate.
• Vital part of water cycle.
• Habitat for marine organisms.
• Fresh Water is necessary for us to live.
• Less than 1of water on our planet is usable
  fresh water.

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4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources
? Each day, people use fresh water for drinking,
cooking, bathing, and growing food.
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4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources

• Freshwater Pollution
• Point source pollution comes from a known and
  specific location, such as factory pipes.
• Nonpoint source pollution is pollution that does
  not have a specific point of origin.
• Runoff is the water that flows over the land
  rather than seeping into the ground, often
  carrying nonpoint source pollution.

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Major Types of Water Pollution
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4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources

• The chemical composition of the atmosphere helps
  maintain life on Earth.
• Oxygen for life
• Cycles such as the carbon and water cycles
• Shields solar radiation with ozone
• Ozone 3 atom form of oxygen that protects Earth
  from 95 of UV radiation
• Maintains warm temperature with greenhouse gases

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Pollution in the Air

• The increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
  has altered the carbon cycle and contributed to
  global warmingthe unnatural warming of the lower
  atmosphere.
• Sources of Air pollution
• Motor vehicles
• Carbon monoxide
• Nitrogen oxide
• Soot
• Power plants
• Sulfur dioxide
• Nitrogen

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Acid Rain

• Through a series of chemical reactions, these
  pollutants in the air are converted into acids
  that are a major cause of acid precipitation.

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Major Primary Pollutants and Their Sources
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4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources
? Earths land provides soil and forests, as well
as mineral and energy resources
? Damage to Land Resources

• Mines produce many mineral resources, but mines
  are destroying, soil, vegetation, and Earths
  contours.

• Mines also cause soil erosion and pollution that
  contaminates soil and water and destroys
  ecosystems.

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4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources
? Damage to Land Resources

• Agriculture also impacts land from depletion of
  groundwater and salinization of soil due to
  irrigation

• Runoff from farms can lead to water pollution
  (fertilizers)

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Surface Mining Destroys Earths Surface
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4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources
? Damage to Land Resources

• Removal of forests and waste facilities also
  damage our land. How does this occur?

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4.4 Protecting Resources
? Conservation is the careful use of resources.
? Pollution prevention means stopping pollution
from entering the environment.
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4.4 Protecting Resources
? Starting in the 1970s, the federal government
passed several laws to prevent or decrease
pollution and protect resources.

• In 1972, the Clean Water Act (CWA) required
  industries to reduce or eliminate point source
  pollution into surface waters.

• The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 helped
  protect drinking resources.

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Preventing Water Pollution
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4.4 Protecting Resources
? In the 1970s, Congress passed the Clean Air
Act, the nations most important air pollution
law.

• National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
  established for six criteria pollutants known
  to cause health problems carbon monoxide,
  ozone, lead, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and
  particulates (fine particles).

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Saving Energy
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4.4 Protecting Resources
? Protecting land resources involves preventing
pollution and managing land resources wisely.

• Compost is partly decomposed organic material
  that can be used as fertilizer.

• Recycling is the collecting and processing of
  used items so that they can be made into new
  products.