Getting to California

1
Getting to California
Ch 11 Sec 3 The Rise of Segregation

• sharecropper landless farmers who had to give
  the landlord a large share of their crops to
  cover their costs for rent and farming supplies
  (usually former slaves)
• poll tax required all citizens registering to
  vote to pay a tax in order to vote (aimed at
  African Americans)
• grandfather clause allowed any man to vote if
  he had an ancestor on the voting rolls in 1867
• segregation separation of people by race or
  ethnic origin either by law or by circumstances
• Jim Crow laws laws in the Deep South put in
  place to enforce segregation and reject
  Reconstruction laws
• Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court ruling in 1896
  that said separate facilities for different races
  could exist as long as they were equal. Became
  the basis for legalized segregation in the South
  for the next 58 years.
• lynching execution without proper court
  proceedings

2
Section 3-5
Resistance and Repression

• After Reconstruction, most African Americans were
  sharecroppers, or landless farmers who had to
  give the landlord a large share of their crops to
  cover their costs for rent and farming supplies.

(pages 380381)
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3
Section 3-6
Resistance and Repression (cont.)

• Some African Americans that stayed in the South
  formed the Colored Farmers National Alliance.

• The organization worked to help its members set
  up cooperatives.

(pages 380381)
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4
Section 3-6
Resistance and Repression (cont.)

• Many African Americans joined the Populist Party.
  
• Threatened by the power of the Populist Party,
  Democratic leaders began using racism to try to
  win back the poor white vote in the South.

(pages 380381)
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5
Section 3-7
Resistance and Repression (cont.)

• By 1890 election officials in the South began
  using methods to make it difficult for African
  Americans to vote.

(pages 380381)
6
Section 3-9
Disfranchising African Americans

• Southern states used loopholes in the Fifteenth
  Amendment and began to impose restrictions that
  barred almost all African Americans from voting.

(page 382)
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7
Section 3-9
Disfranchising African Americans

• In 1890 Mississippi required all citizens
  registering to vote to pay a poll tax, which most
  African Americans could not afford to pay.

What cost 2.50 in 1896 would cost 54.10 today.
(page 382)
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8
Section 3-10

• The state also required all prospective voters to
  take a literacy test.

• Most African Americans had no education and
  failed the test.
• This had a large differential racial impact,
  since 40-60 of blacks were illiterate, compared
  to 8-18 of whites.

(page 382)
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9
Section 3-10

• Other Southern states adopted similar
  restrictions.
• Northern states did not object because many
  wanted to use them for immigrants as well.

(page 382)
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10
Section 3-10

• The number of African Americans and poor whites
  registered to vote fell dramatically in the South.

(page 382)
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11
Section 3-10

• This disenfranchised a large percentage of the
  Southern population.

(page 382)
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12
Section 3-11

• To allow poor whites to vote, some Southern
  states had a grandfather clause in their voting
  restrictions.

• This clause allowed any man to vote if he had an
  ancestor on the voting rolls in 1867.
• Some didnt want even the poor whites to vote
  fearing they would support the Populist Party
  rather than the Traditional Democrats of the South

(page 382)
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13
Section 3-13
Legalizing Segregation

• In the late 1800s, both the North and the South
  discriminated against African Americans.

• In the South, segregation, or separation of the
  races, was enforced by laws known as Jim Crow
  laws.

(pages 382383)
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14
Section 3-13
Legalizing Segregation

• In 1883 the Supreme Court overturned the Civil
  Rights Act of 1875.
• The ruling meant that private organizations or
  businesses were free to practice segregation.

(pages 382383)
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15
Section 3-14
Legalizing Segregation (cont.)

• Southern states passed a series of laws that
  enforced segregation in almost all public places.

(pages 382383)
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16
Section 3-14
Legalizing Segregation (cont.)

• The Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson
  endorsed separate but equal facilities for
  African Americans.
• This ruling established the legal basis for
  discrimination in the South for over 50 years.

(pages 382383)
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17
FYI 1-1a
Homer Plessy, the man who fought the Louisiana
law, was actually 7/8 white. He had one great
grandparent that was black. Notice the press
picture of the incident to the left and his
actual photograph on the right.
18
Section 3-15
Legalizing Segregation (cont.)

• In the late 1800s, mob violence increased in the
  United States, particularly in the South.

(pages 382383)
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19
Section 3-15
Legalizing Segregation (cont.)

• Between 1890 and 1899, hundreds of
  lynchingsexecutions without proper court
  proceedingstook place.
• Most lynchings were in the South, and the victims
  were mostly African Americans.

(pages 382383)
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20
Daily Focus Skills Transparency 3
21
Section 3-17
The African American Response

• In 1892 Ida B. Wells, an African American from
  Tennessee, began a crusade against lynching.

• She wrote newspaper articles and a book
  denouncing lynchings and mob violence against
  African Americans.

(pages 383384)
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22
Section 3-18

• Booker T. Washington, an African American
  educator, urged fellow African Americans to
  concentrate on achieving economic goals rather
  than legal or political ones.

• He explained his views in a speech known as the
  Atlanta Compromise.

(pages 383384)
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23
Section 3-18
   The wisest among my race understand that
the agitation of questions of social equality is
the extremest folly, and that the enjoyment of
all the privileges that will come to us must be
the result of severe and constant struggle rather
than of artificial forcing. . . . It is important
and right that all privileges of the law be ours,
but it is vastly more important that we be
prepared for the exercise of these privileges.
The opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory
just now is worth infinitely more than the
opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera-house.
   - Booker T. Washington



(pages 383384)
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24
Section 3-19

• The Atlanta Compromise was challenged by W.E.B.
  Du Bois, the leader of African American activists
  born after the Civil War.

• Du Bois said that white Southerners continued to
  take away the civil rights of African Americans,
  even though they were making progress in
  education and vocational training.
• He believed that African Americans had to demand
  their rights, especially voting rights, to gain
  full equality.

(pages 383384)
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25

• DuBois believed in the policy of the Talented
  10th.
• Dissatisfied with how the Progressive Movement
  forgot race as an issue
• Leads to the Niagara Movement which leads to the
  founding of the NAACP
• Publishes the magazine Crisis