Chapter 7 Energy Conservation

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Chapter 7Energy Conservation
Lecture 14 HNRT 228 Spring 2015 Energy and the
Environment
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iClicker Question

• About what percentage of U.S. electricity is
  derived from nuclear power?
• A 10
• B 20
• C 30
• D 40
• E 50

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iClicker Question

• About what percentage of U.S. electricity is
  derived from nuclear power?
• A 10
• B 20
• C 30
• D 40
• E 50

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iClicker Question

• Which of the following countries has the highest
  percentage of electricity generated by nuclear
  power?
• A United States
• B United Kingdom (Great Britain)
• C Japan
• D France
• E Russia

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iClicker Question

• Which of the following countries has the highest
  percentage of electricity generated by nuclear
  power?
• A United States
• B United Kingdom (Great Britain)
• C Japan
• D France
• E Russia

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iClicker Question

• Which of the following describes the Roentgen?
• A the unit of absorbed dose equivalent.
• B the unit of absorbed dose.
• C the unit of exposure to ionizing radiation
• D all of the above
• E none of the above

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iClicker Question

• Which of the following describes the Roentgen?
• A the unit of absorbed dose equivalent.
• B the unit of absorbed dose.
• C the unit of exposure to ionizing radiation
• D all of the above
• E none of the above

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iClicker Question

• Which of the following describes the RAD?
• A the unit of absorbed dose equivalent.
• B the unit of absorbed dose.
• C the unit of exposure to ionizing radiation
• D all of the above
• E none of the above

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iClicker Question

• Which of the following describes the RAD?
• A the unit of absorbed dose equivalent.
• B the unit of absorbed dose.
• C the unit of exposure to ionizing radiation
• D all of the above
• E none of the above

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iClicker Question

• Which of the following describes the REM?
• A the unit of absorbed dose equivalent.
• B the unit of absorbed dose.
• C the unit of exposure to ionizing radiation
• D all of the above
• E none of the above

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iClicker Question

• Which of the following describes the REM?
• A the unit of absorbed dose equivalent.
• B the unit of absorbed dose.
• C the unit of exposure to ionizing radiation
• D all of the above
• E none of the above

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iClicker Question

• Which statement is true about fusion?
• A Fusion is just another name for nuclear
  fission.
• B Fusion and fission are variations of the same
  nuclear process.
• C Fusion is the breakup of heavier chemical
  elements into lighter chemical elements.
• D Fusion is the process of producing heavier
  chemical elements from lighter chemical
  elements.
• E Fusion is the process of converting energy
  into matter.

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iClicker Question

• Which statement is true about fusion?
• A Fusion is just another name for nuclear
  fission.
• B Fusion and fission are variations of the same
  nuclear process.
• C Fusion is the breakup of heavier chemical
  elements into lighter chemical elements.
• D Fusion is the process of producing heavier
  chemical elements from lighter chemical
  elements.
• E Fusion is the process of converting energy
  into matter.

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Overview of Chapter

• Energy Conservation
• Space Heating
• Thermal Insulation
• Air Infiltration
• Lighting
• Appliances
• Some considerations of agriculture and industry

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Adapted from Home Energy Seminar at Tufts
University with Professor Anja
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• Home Energy Seminar Overview
• Home Energy - Lights
• Home Energy - Appliances
• Fridges,Washing machines,AC
• Home Energy - A little Physics
• Building diagnostics
• Insulation vs. Air-tightness
• Home Energy - Windows
• Home Energy - Heating Systems

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N.B. Addressing Energy Conservation Issues May
Help Address Other Issues
Energy SecurityNational SecurityJob
SecurityAir Pollution
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Efficiency Thoughts An estimated 94 of
materials become waste before a product is even
manufactured. Only 6 per cent of materials
extracted each year are embodied in durable goods!
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Home Energy Seminary Save Money! Protect the
Climate!
Americans spend more than 160 billion a year to
heat, cool, light and live in our homes. Homes
use about 21 of the energy we use as a nation.
Homes contribute about 17 of our national
emissions of greenhouse gases.
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Compact Fluorescent Light bulbs (CFLs)
More expensive upfront (1-12) but they can save
30-50 over lifetime of bulb. Many different
types of CFLs available (including for small
fixtures, 3-ways, etc). Last 10 times
longer! Watch for available rebates. Some
chemical safety issues.
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Compact fluorescent bulbs

• Take 1-2 min to reach fullest brightness
• Are less bright when it is cold
• If concerned about brightness, buy higher
  wattage
• Should not flicker after 1-2 seconds

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Compact fluorescent bulbs

• Are not all of equally good quality
• Test out a brand before you invest much in them

• Regular CFLs dont work in dimmable fixtures
• Buy a dimmable CFL
• Check out www.efi.org for other specialty bulbs

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Compact fluorescent bulbs

• Have a small amount of mercury call your
  locality about proper disposal.
• But they still use less mercury than would have
  been produced at the power plant when you use a
  regular incandescent bulb

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Compact fluorescent bulbs
If every household in the US replaced its
fixtures with CFLs Possible Savings 800
million MWh
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Halogen Torchieres
Nice light but
Uses 300W 500W. (a normal bulb uses
60W) Halogen torchieres are also a fire hazard!
Buy a torchiere which uses a CFL
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From the New York Times LED bulbs are a gigantic
improvement over incandescent bulbs and even the
compact fluorescents, or CFLs, that the world
spent several years telling us to buy. LEDs last
about 25 times as long as incandescents and three
times as long as CFLs were talking maybe 25,000
hours of light. Install one today, and you may
not own your house, or even live, long enough to
see it burn out. (Actually, LED bulbs generally
dont burn out at all they just get dimmer.)
You know how hot incandescent bulbs become.
Thats because they convert only 5 to 10 percent
of your electricity into light they waste the
rest as heat. LED bulbs are far more efficient.
They convert 60 percent of their electricity into
light, so they consume far less electricity. You
pay less, you pollute less. But wait, theres
more LED bulbs also turn on to full brightness
instantly. Theyre dimmable. The light color is
wonderful you can choose whiter or warmer bulbs.
Theyre rugged, too. Its hard to break an LED
bulb, but if the worst should come to pass, a
special coating prevents flying shards. Yet
despite all of these advantages, few people
install LED lights. They never get farther than
30 for a light bulb? Thats nuts! Never mind
that they will save about 200 in replacement
bulbs and electricity over 25 years.
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Appliances Energy Star www.energystar.gov Look
for the energy star label! More than 35 product
categories are available with the ENERGY STAR
label. Careful! Energy Star appliances are
rated by size class. Look for the smallest
appliance that fits your needs.
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Refrigerator If your refrigerator is more than 8
years old, it makes sense to replace it. The new
one will pay for itself in energy savings in
about 3-6 years. Again! Energy Star appliances
are rated by size class. Look for the smallest
refrigerator that fits your needs! Side-by-side
are least efficient.
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iClicker Question

• How many fewer power plants might be needed if
  every household changed to compact fluorescent
  lighting?
• A About one
• B More than one
• C More than 100

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iClicker Question

• How many fewer power plants might be needed if
  every household changed to compact fluorescent
  lighting?
• A About one
• B More than one
• C More than 100

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Washing Machines
BAD Top-loader GOOD Front-loader
40 to 60 less water 30 to 50 less energy 50
to 70 less detergent
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Front loading Washing Machines
Top-loader 40 gallons of water per load. Front
loader 20 - 25 gallons. You could save as much
as 7,000 gallons of water per year! Gentler on
clothes. Decreases drying time considerably. Do a
better job cleaning clothes. Be modern, get a
front-loader! Top-loaders are the technology
your grandparents used Only do full loads. Use
cold water as often as possible.
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• Conventional Dryer
• 800-1000 kW/year
• 80-120/ year

Be old-fashioned - dry your clothes like your
grandparents did! Tip If you do not have time
to hang all your clothes, hang the heavy, and
thick items towels, sheets, socks
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Use Fans Instead of AC! Only 10-15 of the
energy an AC uses. (Shut the fan off when you
leave the room, because it does not actually cool
the air but just move it. The exception to this
is a window fan to get cool night air from the
outside into the house.)
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Be cheap! Turn it off!
Most electricity is used by things that are on a
lot and use a lot of power Refrigerator
(500kWh-1300 kWh per year) Freezer (500kWh-1300
kWh per year) Desktop Computer (300-1000 kWh per
year) Lights
Dont forget to turn your heat or AC off /down!
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iClicker Question

• Which type of washing machine conserves the most
  energy and water?
• A Top loader
• B Front loader
• C There is no difference

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iClicker Question

• Which type of washing machine conserves the most
  energy and water?
• A Top loader
• B Front loader
• C There is no difference

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Myth Turning off your computer will harm it.
WRONG! This used to be true back when computers
had green screens and punched cards
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Myth Leaving your heat on is more efficient than
turning it down because you need so much energy
to heat the house back up.
WRONG! Think about it! Its as if youd claim
that putting down your suitcase while waiting for
the bus uses more energy than holding it up the
whole time, because youd have to pick it up
again.
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Get a Home Energy Audit
A professional will be able to analyze your house
and give you advise. Youll get most out of it,
if you are well educated. Prepare well and ask
lots of questions.
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A Little Physics
How Heat Travels
Convection
The flow of hot and cold gases
This is how heat travels through leaks,
cracks and gaps in your house.
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Will she be warm enough in the winter?
Convection Air leaks This is why you wear a
wind breaker over your woolen sweater!
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Blower-Door Test
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What You Can Do Use weather stripping and
caulking. It is cheap and it works.
Stay warmSave Money From the simple to the
sophisticated, air sealing pays
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Conduction
Heat exchange between adjacent molecules
This is how heat travels through materials. Some
materials conduct heat better than
others. Insulation slows the movement of heat.
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Lower Conduction withInsulation This is why you
wear a woolen sweater in winter and a cotton
sweatshirt in the summer
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Infra-red Photography
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Insulation is rated by Resistance R-ValueHigh
R-value high insulation properties You want
High R- Value
Windows are rated by Conductance U-value Low
U-value high insulation properties You want
Low U- Value
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Two components to good weatherization
Minimize air leaks Optimize insulation
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iClicker Question

• Which unit is used to measure insulation of
  walls?
• A Q-value
• B R-value
• C S-value
• D T-value
• E U-value

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iClicker Question

• Which unit is used to measure insulation of
  walls?
• A Q-value
• B R-value
• C S-value
• D T-value
• E U-value

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iClicker Question

• Which unit is used to measure insulation of
  windows?
• A Q-value
• B R-value
• C S-value
• D T-value
• E U-value

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iClicker Question

• Which unit is used to measure insulation of
  windows?
• A Q-value
• B R-value
• C S-value
• D T-value
• E U-value

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How Your House Loses Heat
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Insulation (conduction)Get your walls and attic
insulated! Insulating your walls and attic, along
with addressing leaks around your doors and
windows, can save as much as 30 on your heating
bill. Insulate before you replace windows it
will cost you much less and save you more.
Watch out for active knob-and-tube wiring
before you insulate!
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Insulation materials

• Fiberglass

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Insulation materials

• Cellulose

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Fiberglass Vs. Cellulose
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Fiberglass vs. Cellulose

• Fiberglass like a woolen sweater
• easy to install
• can be cheaper
• moisture tolerant
• - does not stop air flow
• poor fire protection
• most of the times poorly installed
• Cellulose like a down jacket
• stops air flow
• better fire protection
• can fill up nooks and crannies.
• - does not tolerate moisture very well

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iClicker Question

• Which of the following will conserve more energy.
• A A wall with R-value 12
• B A wall with R-value 14
• C A wall with R-value 16
• D A wall with R-value 18
• E A wall with R-value 20

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iClicker Question

• Which of the following will conserve more energy.
• A A wall with R-value 12
• B A wall with R-value 14
• C A wall with R-value 16
• D A wall with R-value 18
• E A wall with R-value 20

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iClicker Question

• Which of the following will conserve more energy.
• A A window with U-value 0.12
• B A window with U-value 0.14
• C A window with U-value 0.16
• D A window with U-value 0.18
• E A window with U-value 0.20

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iClicker Question

• Which of the following will conserve more energy.
• A A window with U-value 0.12
• B A window with U-value 0.14
• C A window with U-value 0.16
• D A window with U-value 0.18
• E A window with U-value 0.20

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Cellulose Installation
Pay back is 1-5 years Cost 1000 - 5000
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Insulation Materials

• Spray-foams
• Icynene 2-part polyurethanes Soy-based

Rigid foams
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General Insulation Strategies

• Use an insulation that air-seals and insulates
• Spray foam
• Dense-pack (or wet-spray) cellulose
• When practical, insulate the outermost plane
• Attic roof rather than floor joists
• Crawlspace floor and walls rather than ceiling
• Basement walls rather than ceiling

Slide by Paul Eldrenkamp _at_ Byggmeister
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Radiation
Electro-magnetic waves emitted from hot objects
This is the how the sun heats the surface of the
earth. This is why it can get very hot in a car
in the summer.
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Window Replacement
New high-quality windows are definitively more
energy-efficient and will cut your heating
bills. Youll get rid of lead paint. New
windows are easier to operate and clean. -
High-quality windows are expensive (300-600 per
opening) - They have a very long pay back (30-50
years) - Esthetics
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Window Replacement

• The Dos
• Get double or triple pane windows.
• Get high quality windows.
• Make sure to get an experienced installer who
  will pay attention to details (and insulate the
  weight box)
• Get Low-e coating with argon fill.
• Wood or fiberglass frames are best.

• The Donts
• Dont get single pane.
• Dont be lured by the cheap price of some
  windows. You get what you pay for.

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WindowsInvest in good storms, weather
stripping, caulk, plastic
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Heating Systems
Largest energy expense in the home. What
system? Steam, hot water, forced air? Gas, oil,
electric, wood
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Sizing? Most systems are oversized To tell how
much, see how long it runs out of each hour
during cold weather. If less than half the time,
a smaller system will save energy.
Replacing your system Insist on a heat loss
analysis If your plumber sizes the system by
the old system, take your business elsewhere!
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Efficiency Check www.energystar.gov Go for over
90 efficiency. (Gas boilers can achieve higher
efficiencies.) Check for rebates!
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Replacing a Heating System
Dont trust just your plumber! A little upfront
research can make a big difference. Recommended
reading www.aceee.org/consumerguide/index.htm
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Electric Heat
Stay away from electric heat. Its very
expensive. No electric water heater No electric
furnaces No space heaters
Exception If you want to heat only a small
space in a large house
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Home Oil or Gas?
Natural Gas More climate friendly More chimney
friendly Less air pollution No oil tank More
expensive than oil.
unfortunately, doing the right thing is not
always the cheaper thing Also Efficiency can
make up for it.
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High-cost but low-impact issues

• Vapor barriers
• Vapor diffusion varies largely
• based upon climate
• Big difference between a vapor barrier and an air
  barrier
• Vapor barrier can be painted

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High-cost but low-impact issues

• Roof venting
• Cold roof vs. hot roof (vented vs. unvented)
• Instead of investing heavily in venting, invest
  in better roof insulation

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Roof venting Ice dams
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Summary

• Saving energy in a home does more than just save
  money.
• Solve the big problems firsthealth safety
  issues
• Control moisture and pollutants at source
• Air-seal and insulate (with the same material if
  possible)
• Perform pre- and post-weatherization evaluations
  (blower door, infrared)