Warm Up

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Warm Up

• The greatest influence of the humanists was in
• Reform of secondary education
• Creating the knights templar
• Medicine
• Weights and measurements
• Call to a return to traditions of Middle Ages
• PG. 397
• Which of the following statements about the Magna
  Carta is NOT true
• Affirmed the monarchs are subject to the law
• Confirmed the independence of church
• Gave new rights to the peasants
• Means Great Charter
• It guaranteed the nobles hereditary rights
• PG. 402
• How does feudalism eventually end
• Hanseatic League
• What is scholasticism

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Chapter 15 Maritime Revolution
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• I. Global Maritime Expansion before 1450
• A. The Pacific Ocean
• Through several thousands of years people from
  main lands traveled to island countries
• Polynesian culture stretched 2200 miles of across
  the Pacific Ocean
• Polynesian expansion was planned and was to set
  up colonies throughout
• B. The Indian Ocean
• Indonesians colonized the island of Madagascar in
  a series of voyages throughout 15th century
• Arab seafarers established trade routes
• Ming dynasty sponsored many voyages supporting 60
  large treasure ships

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• Treasure ships carried silk, precious metal, and
  diplomacy
• C. The Atlantic Ocean
• Vikings navigated by the stars exploring Iceland,
  Greenland, and Newfoundland
• Few Europeans explored the Atlantic
• 1291 Mali attempted ships never returned
• II. European Expansion, 1400-1550
• A. Motives for Exploration
• Iberian Peninsula needed to expand its empire
• Because of the feuds with the Muslims they had no
  trade influence in Med Sea

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Leif Erickson
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• Italy dominated trade in Med Sea and had no need
  to expand
• Italy had no incentive to expand, monopoly on
  silk
• Iberian kingdoms had no share in Med Sea trade,
  advanced ships and cannons
• God, Glory, Gold 3 motives of European
  expansion/exploration
• God spread their faith to new lands
• Glory want fame and adventure
• Gold search for wealth

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• B. Portuguese Voyages
• Gained knowledge of gold and slaves
• Prince Henry sponsored navigation schools
• His ultimate goal was to find a water route
  around Africa to India
• Portuguese sailors learned that both gold and
  slaves were available on Africas west coast
• Navigation technology New technologies from the
  Arabs, such as the compass and astrolabe

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• Financial return first slaves, then gold
• Fernao Gomes explored the West coast (Gold
  coast) of Africa for Portugal
• Bartholomeu Dias first European to sail around
  the tip of Africa looking for a route to India in
  1488 he was forced to turn back due to violent
  storms
• Vasco da Gama the first European to reach India
  by sea
• Brings back a cargo of spice, makes a profit of
  several thousand percent

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Prince Henry
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Gomes
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Dias
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Da Gama
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• C. Spanish Voyages
• Christopher Columbus finds funding by King
  Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
• His voyages led to Portugal and Spain signing the
  treaty of Tordesillas
• Treaty of Tordesillas signed by both Spain and
  Portugal in 1494 that gives a line of demarcation
  dividing their new territories
• Ferdinand Magellan decided to sail west around
  the world in 1519 with five ships and 250 men
• Magellan was killed in a fight in the Philippines
  against the native people but his men continued on

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• III. Encounters with Europe, 1450-1500
• A. Western Africa
• 15th century Portuguese were welcomed and
  profited from trade
• Africa gave gold Europe gave Asian goods and
  firearms
• Kongo had few goods to export so they relied on
  slave trade
• B. Eastern Africa
• Ethiopia freely traded with the Portuguese
  because of the hatred both had for the Muslims
• Ethiopia did not make long term trade agreement
  because they refused to give religious loyalty to
  the Roman pope

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• C. Indian Ocean States
• Superior ships and firearms helped Portuguese
  control Indian ocean trade
• Portuguese use their control to require all
  spices be carried in Portuguese ships and ships
  must purchase passports and pay customs!
• Portuguese break Italian monopoly on pepper
• Portuguese captured Swahili city states in 1505,
  Goa in 1510, Hormuz in 1511, and Macao in 1557 to
  stamp their dominance on trade

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• Best ships on the sea were caravels
• They were small, fast, and sturdy
• Made with triangle sails it was easier to catch
  the wind
• Most boats of the time had square sails making it
  hard to sail at an angle

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• C. The Americas
• Spanish built empires in Americas
• Arawak people were killed by Spanish and put into
  slavery
• Spanish believed they were spreading Catholic
  religion through Americas.
• Hernan Cortezs impact on Aztecs
• Conquistadors Spanish conquerors of the
  Americas
• Had incredible success due to guns, horses, and
  disease

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• Hernan Cortez arrived with 600 men to take on the
  Aztec empire
• Other Native American groups joined them since
  they hated the Aztec
• Around 1520 Cortez defeats the Aztec empire

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• Never, perhaps, was an enterprise so great,
  undertaken with so little regard for its
  difficulties and dangers. A force of between 600
  and 700 men, only thirteen of whom were
  musketeers, with only ten field pieces, and two
  or three smaller pieces of cannon, were all the
  means at Cortez" disposal, to effect the conquest
  of the then extensive Empire of Mexico, when in
  1519, he landed on its shores. Montezuma sent
  Cortez rich presents, but objected to his
  visiting the Capital. But Cortez had resolved
  upon seeing the Emperor in his palace, and was
  not to be daunted by opposition.

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• Having founded the town of Vera Cruz, and burned
  his ships, so that his troops could not return,
  and must therefore conquer or perish, Cortez,
  with a force reduced to 400 Spaniards on foot and
  15 horse, but with a considerable number of
  Indian followers, lent him by dissatisfied chiefs
  dependent on Montezuma, marched upon the Capital.
  Overcoming the Tlascalans, a brave people on the
  way, who after became his firm allies, and taking
  fearful vengeance on the city of Cholula, where
  by Montezuma's orders an attempt was made to
  massacre his troops, Cortez, on the 8th of
  November 1519, reached the City of Mexico,

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• Francisco Pizarros impact on the Incas
• Pizarro took the new Inca emperor prisoner and
  killed him although they received lots of gold
  for ransom
• He then conquered the Inca empire
• By 1550 Spain controlled northern Mexico and the
  western part of South America

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• After looting and generally destroying the Incan
  capital of Cusco, Pizarro founded Lima (which he
  called Ciudad de los Reyes, which means "City of
  the Kings"). Pizarro was assassinated in Lima,
  Peru, in 1541, by followers of Pedro de Almagro
  (Cortes' captain) who wanted to seize Lima for
  its riches.

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• Dear Royal Highness,
• I am writing to you from Panama. The time is
  right to strike the Inca Empire.
• The Inca are powerful, their territory stretches
  more than 2,500 miles north to south, and 500
  miles east to west. But they are weakened by the
  bitter struggle between the half brothers,
  Huascar and Atahualpa, who both want to rule.
  Youll remember the death of Huayna Capac five
  years ago divided the empire.
• Also, the Inca have the most power of any Native
  American nation in the Western Hemisphere. They
  have made a network of stone roads connecting all
  the kingdom together, which makes communication
  swift, and these roads will make traveling for my
  army easier.
• My plan is to take about 180 men with firearms
  from here in Panama to Peru. Once there, I plan
  to take Atahualpa prisoner and make him head of
  the empire. That would make me the real ruler of
  the Inca Empire.
• So, King Charles I, that is my plan. I will let
  you know how it goes.
• Your Humble Servant,
• Francisco Pizarro

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• Drop in population among the Native Americans
  caused by forced labor, starvation, and disease
• European diseases caused much death to the native
  populations who lacked immunity to such diseases,
  such as smallpox
• Haiti went from a population of 100,000 when
  Columbus arrived to only 300 by 1570
• Mexicos population dropped from 25 million to 3
  million
• Decreased by 30 in the first ten years following
  contact with the Europeans
• The Inca Empire decreased from 13 million in 1492
  to 2 million by 1600

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Warm Up

• Two important navigational technologies, the
  magnetic compass and the astrolabe,
• Were invented by Henry the Navigator
• Were invented by Christopher Columbus
• Were of Italian origin
• Were held by an exclusive English patent
• Were of Chinese and Arab origin
• What two nations began a maritime revolution that
  profoundly altered the course of world history?
• England and France
• Portugal and Spain
• Germany and Russia
• China and Japan
• Greece and Italy
• Why did the Portuguese begin to explore?
• Conquistador means
• First Amerindians to come in contact with
  Spanish
• Treaty of Tordesillas divided New World between
• First explorer to reach southern tip of Africa
• First explorer to reach India by sea