The Phoenicians

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Unit 3
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The Phoenicians
What does this map reveal about the Phoenicians?
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The Phoenicians

• What were they famous for?
• Invented the alphabet.

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Persian Empire under Darius, 521-486 B.C.E.
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Persian Rule

• Divided into twenty provinces
• ruled by a Persian satrap or governor
• Persian control -
• building and patrolling the royal roads
• use of secret agents
• Why were the Persians successful rulers?
• willing to adapt to local circumstances, to learn
  from those with experience, and to utilize the
  skills of non-Persians

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Map of Greece
Troy
Athens
Sparta
Crete
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Greeks

• Small city-states developed
• Lack of natural resources
• spurred the growth of maritime commerce.
• Contact with other peoples brought in new ideas
  and technologies.

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Greek Gods

• People emulated the Gods behavior
• Anthropomorphic
• Influenced peoples actions
• Gods lived on Mt. Olympus
• Each God controlled a specific part of the
  universe.

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The Parthenon
Dedicated to the Goddess Athena Parthenon. Built
between 447 BCE and 438 BCE.
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New Technique Phalanx

• Each city-state had citizen-soldiers
• A new method of fighting emerged called phalanx
  
• A massive formation of heavily armed foot
  soldiers that moved in unison

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Sparta

• Military Society
• Gov led by two kings and 20 counselors
• largest and most sophisticated army in the known
  world
• Forbade trade, travel and free speech!
• Needed army to control slave (helot) population
• Outnumbered 20 to 1
• Control lasted over 250 years.

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Spartan Military Life

• Army governed life
• What did it mean for a man?
• Trained in military
• -Started at age 7
• -Marry at 20 but live
• in barracks
• -Retire at 60
• 53 years of service!
• Males can vote at 30

Reading Sparta, The training of Youth
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Athens

• It is the place where democracy was born.

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Pericles Funeral Oration
Our constitution is called a democracy because
power is in the hands not of a minority but of
the whole people. We alone regard a man who
takes no interest in public affairs not as
harmless, but as a useless character.
--Pericles 431 B.C.
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Athenian Democracy

• Only those with both parents born in Athens could
  have citizenship
• Athens had a direct democracy all male citizens
  had the right to attend the Assembly and a vote.
• met 40 times a year
• No elections, leaders chosen by drawing lots
• Member of 500

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The Persian Wars Overview

• The threat of the powerful Persian empire united
  the Greek city-states.
• Around 500B.C. Greeks were attacked by the
  Persians
• Greeks joined together to fight Persians
• 3 Persian Wars (499-479 BCE)

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The Impact of the Persian Wars

1. Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state.
2. Athens used the Delian League (alliance of 150
   city states) to create an Athenian empire.
3. With Pericles as its leader, Athens enters into
   its Golden Age!

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AlliaPeloponnesian War nce System Fails!
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The Peloponnesian War CAUSES

• Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League
• Sparta and Athens rivaling for supremacy

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The Peloponnesian War

• 27 year war ensues
• Pericles brings all the people into the city
• He depends on the navy, high walls and food
  supplies to string out the war

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A Mysterious Plague Hits Athens!

• Plague destroys 1/3 of Athenian population

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The Peloponnesian War Effects

1. Persia gained control of many city-states
2. Defeated democracy in Greece
3. Sparta would eventually fall to Persia
4. Athens cultural influence continues

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The Three Great Greek ThinkersWho are they?
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Socrates

• the unexamined life is not worth living.
• Socratic Method
• question answer approach helped people
  recognize they didnt have all the answers!
• Know thy self
• Self-examination leads to correct behavior and
  ethical living.

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Socrates on Trial----WHY?

• Seen by many to not believe in the gods
• Feared that he was corrupting the minds of the
  youth!
• He is found guilty and put to death! A scapegoat

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Great Philosophers of Greece

• The Death of Socrates Painted in France in 1787
  
• How does it depict this famous man?
• -Noble, dignified forceful.
• -He is ready to meet his death but not before he
  speaks his mind!

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Plato

• Author of
• The Republic
• No family or personal property common good
  government
• Yet the government should regulate every aspect
  of its citizens lives!
• Philosopher king should rule

Started a school called The Academy
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Aristotle

• Supports family personal property
• A government that features three social classes
• Favored a single virtuous, strong ruler
• Taught Alexander the Great

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Alexander the Great (336-323) B.C.E.

• Accomplishments
• Conquers Egypt, Mediterranean Sea region, Persia,
  and far as Pakistan
• Declared pharaoh in Egypt
• Alexander had encouraged blending by marrying a
  Persian woman and adopting Persian customs.
• Builds capital of Alexandria and many other
• Center of the Hellenistic world

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The Empire of Alexander the Great
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The Legacy of Alexander

• 327 B.C.E. attempts to conquer India
• Alexander dies in Babylon of malaria after 13
  years as king
• Empire broken up into 3 Macedonian dynasties
• Alexanders most lasting achievement was the
  spread of Greek culture

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Ancient Rome
From a Republic to an Empire
509 B.C.E 476 CE
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Geography and Rome
1

• Why was it easier for the Romans to unite than
  the Greeks?
• Rome is located on the Italian Peninsula.
• Rich soil
• Mild climate
• Center of Mediterranean Sea

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Roman Religion

• Adopted Greek gods
• Jupiter is Zeus
• Mars is Ares
• Venus is Aphrodite

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Roman Republic Est. 507 BCE

• What is republic?
• All citizens with the right to vote choose their
  leaders.
• Is it a democracy?
• Male citizens could attend, but votes of wealthy
  class counted more

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Patricians Vs. Plebeians

• Patricians (senate 300)
• Upper class aristocrats who owned land and
  controlled the government the economy
• Plebeians
• Farmers, merchants, artisans and traders
• Who has the power?
• Senate

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The Roman Republic GovernmentSee handout
1
2
300 men
Tribunes
Majority of Population
Plebeians
No power
Slaves
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The Rule of Law Five Basic Principles

• People equal under law
• The accused can face accuser and defend the
  charge
• Decisions based on fairness
• Innocent until proven guilty
• Guilt must be clearly established

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What was the fashion of the day? Togas (upper
class), stolas, pallas, tunics, leather sandals,
and palla cloaks for the soldiers!
Roman Dress
citizen, matron, magistrate, emperor,
general, workman, slave
Roman Clothing
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The Republics Military

• Who could serve in the military?
• First only patricians served in the army
• Senate turned to all citizens including the
  plebeians to serve!
• What was the requirement?
• Must possess land

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The Punic Wars 264 -202 BCE

• Rome vs. Carthage
• Fought 3 Punic Wars
• Result The Mediterranean belongs to Rome

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The Rise of Julius Caesar

• Elected consul in 60 B.C.
• Accomplishments
• Conquered territories
• Gaul, Germanic tribes, Britain
• Seen as a military hero-
• Becomes dictator for life in 45 B.C.E

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Distributed free grain
Army veterans given land
Aligned with the solar year
Colonies established for trade
Provided jobs for poor
Course of Tiber River altered
Built roads bridges to connect empire All
roads lead to Rome
Libraries, temples Forum built
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Roman EmpireEstablished

• The 500-year republic comes to an end.
• Civil wars were fought over the question of who
  should hold power
• The Roman senate gives Octavian the title of
  Augustus Caesar, or Exalted One the first
  citizen of Rome.
• The age of the Roman Empire begins in 31 B.C.E

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Roman Empire

• Augustus laid the foundation for a stable
  government that would function well for 200
  years.
• This period was called the Pax Romana.
• Romans were generally tolerant of all religions
  including Jews and Christians
• As long as they respected Roman Gods and Emperors

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• Augustus Reforms
• Created efficient civil service to enforce the
  laws.
• Opened up high-level jobs to men of talent,
  regardless of race.
• Allowed cities and provinces to govern
  themselves.
• Ordered a census, or population count, in order
  to make the tax system more fair.
• Set up a postal service and issued unified
  monetary system of coins.
• Employed the jobless.

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The Empire Expands
How did the empire maintain control and
communication?
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Good Emperors

• Marcus Aurelius, last good emperor of the Pax
  Romana era.
• Philosopher Emperor
• His son Commodus began the reign of bad emperors
  leading to Romes decline.

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Two Reformers

• Diocletian
• Divided the empire into two parts to make it
  easier to govern
• Fixed prices to slow inflation, or the rapid rise
  of prices
• Established laws to ensure steady production of
  food and goods

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Constantine

• Continued Diocletians reforms
• Converted to Christianity and granted toleration
  to Christians, which led to the rapid growth of
  Christianity
• Built a new capital at Constantinople, making the
  eastern part of the empire the center of power

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Divided Roman Empire
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Roman Achievements

• Technology
• Developed concrete
• Arches
• Created aqueducts for piped water
• Built an extensive road system over 50,000 miles

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Engineering Wonders
Roman Engineering Accomplishments Roman Roads

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Colosseum Circus Maximus

• Colosseum 80 C.E.
• Held gladiator animal fights
• Held 50,000 people
• Circus Maximus
• Held chariot races
• Held 250,000
• Bread and Circus Policy
• Used to control Roman citizens

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2
The Roman Empire at Its Height
Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt.
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Divided Empire

• Weaker co-emperor in Rome
• Best generals serve eastern emperor
• No western leadership
• Capital moved to Constantinople

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Foreign Invasions

• A weakened Rome could not withstand the forces of
  Hun and Germanic invasions.
• 476 CE end of the Western Roman empire

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5
Review The Decline and Fall of Rome
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Spread of Christianity