What Makes Science so Hard?

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What Makes Science so Hard?

• Its the ridiculous vocabulary!!!!
• What do you think these words mean?
• Auscultation Micturation
• Borborygmus Osculation
• Cacodyl Oscitancy
• Emesis Stertor
• Eructation Wamble
• Flatus
• Mastication

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What are Some Topics You Would Study in Biology!!!
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Watch this video and describe what it may have to
do with Biology.

• http//video.search.yahoo.com/search/video_yltAi
  LXpPTFzpxzCqWvSZXCemKbvZx4?pgiraffesfightingtog
  gle1copmsseiUTF-8fryfp-t-701
• http//video.search.yahoo.com/search/video_yltAi
  LXpPTFzpxzCqWvSZXCemKbvZx4?pgiraffesfightingtog
  gle1copmsseiUTF-8fryfp-t-701

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Watch this video and desribe what it has to do
with Biology.

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vbtuxO-C2IzE
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vmd2CW4qp9e8

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Life Science
Biology The study of living things
Branches of Biology

1. Ecology The study of the environment
2. Zoology The study of animals
3. Doctor Human anatomy
4. Botany The study of plants

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Physical Science
Physical Science Study of both matter and
energy
Branches of Physical Science

1. Chemistry The study of all forms of matter
2. Physics The study of energy
3. Astronomy Movement of objects in space
4. Oceanography Study of the waves and tides

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Earth Science
Earth Science(Geology) The study of the Earth
Branches of Earth Science

1. Oceanography Study of the Ocean
2. Volcanology Study of volcanoes
3. Seismology Study of earthquakes
4. Meteorology Study of the weather
5. Astronomy Study of space

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Careers in Biology
Global Ecology Marine Biologist Herbatologist Infe
ctious disease DNA and molecular
Biology Paleontologist Doctor
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What Makes Science so Hard?

• Its the ridiculous vocabulary!!!!
• What do you think these words mean?
• Auscultation Micturation
• Borborygmus Osculation
• Cacodyl Oscitancy
• Emesis Stertor
• Eructation Wamble
• Flatus
• Mastication

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Prefixes Suffixes

• If you learn certain prefixes and suffixes, you
  can figure out certain words. Dont let the
  vocabulary in science bog you down!! You can
  figure it out.

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What is science? How do scientists work?
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What is Science?
Science is an organized way of gathering and
analyzing evidence about the natural world.
I want to teach you this year about the world
around. Everyday,I want you to leave here with
new knowledge of the world around you !!!!
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Two Approaches to Discovering Science
1.Discovery Science Describes nature. Learning
by observations and then describing it. For
example observing DNA and describing parts. 2.
Hypothesis-based Science Explains nature by
testing a hypothesis. A hypothesis is proposed
from observations then tested. This is where a
controlled experiment fits.
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Science Methodology

• Scientists go about solving problems in a certain
  way. The methodology is always the same. It is
  called Scientific Method!

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Making Good Observations Being a good scientists
involves making great observations and then
asking questions. Several people can observe
the same event but have different explanations.
This happens in crime scenes all the time.
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Describe what you observe in this picture. DO
NOT discuss it with your neighbors.
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Observations vs. Inferences
An OBSERVATION the act of noticing and describing
events or processes. You do it with your eyes
when we see something, we observe it. However,
all five of our senses can be used to make
observations sight, hearing, taste, touch, and
smell.
An INFERENCE is an assumption or conclusion based
on an observation. It is a logical interpretation
based on observations and prior knowledge.
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Observation Vs. Inferences

• When collecting data, as a scientists you must
  only record your observations and not read
  anything into what you see. Your inferences are
  in the conclusion.

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Name 2 observations and 2 inferences
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Name 2 observations and 2 inferences
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Observations Leads to Data Collection

• Data collection leads to forming an hypothesis.
• Two Types of Data
• 1. Quantative
• 2. Qualiative

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• There is two types of data researchers can
  collect
• Qualitative data factual description that do not
  use numbers. For example, describing the
  behavior of animals, color of eyes, how mothers
  react to their young, etc.
• 2. Quantitative data factual information that
  uses number. For example, counting the number of
  young, measure how tall something grow, etc.

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Qualitative or Quantitative?
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Qualitative or Quantitative?
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The Scientific Method
The scientific method is a process for
experimentation that is used to explore
observations and answer questions. Scientists
use the scientific method to search for cause
and effect relationships in nature. In other
words, they design an experiment so that changes
to one item cause something else to change in a
predictable way.
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THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD a step by step way
scientists solve problems.
STEP 1 Problem Statement always written in
questions form
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Research
Step 2 Research background information about
the topic. You have to know what you about you
topic before you can experiment. Could be notes,
books, internet resources, asking an expert, etc.
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Step 3 Hypothesis a possible answer to the
problem statement. Always written as an IF gt THEN
statement. If I give 2 cups of water to a tomato
plant, then it will grow better than plants given
more or less water.
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Controlled Experiment

• Experiment is used to compare an experimental
  group with a control group to answer a problem
• Not all experiments are controlled. You can
  conduct an experiment without variables. Why is
  the car not running? You are just solving a
  problem!
• Contains dependent and independent variables.
• Example king snake vs. coral snake

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Procedure Controlled Experiment
Step 4 Procedure a numbered step set of
directions that explains the experimental setup.
Includes materials list. Variable what is
being tested, what is different in the
experiment (the amount of water given to the
plants)
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Types of Variable in a Controlled Experiment

• Independent Variable The independent variable
  is the variable that is manipulated by the
  researcher. 
• Dependent variable factors affected by the
• independent variable.

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Parts of a Controlled Experiment

• Constants all the things you keep the same(same
  of plants in a container, same amt of sunlight,
  same amt of dirt, same amt of fertilizer)
• Control Group The experiment group without the
  variable being tested.

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Tomato Experiment

• Problem How much fertilizer will produce the
  best tomato plants?

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Hypothesis

• If a tablespoon of fertilizer is added then the
  plants will grow the best.

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Procedure

• 1. Obtain 50 plants and pots.
• 2. Divide into 5 groups.
• 3. Place 2 cups of the same soil in each pot.
• 4. Plant the tomato plants.
• 5. Add ½ cup water every other day for 1 month.

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• 6. Measure the height of each plant in
  beginning.
• 7. Group 1 no fertizler, Group 2 ¼ tablespoon
  fert., group 3 1 tablespoon, group 4 ½ cup of
  fertilizer, group 5 1 cup fertilzer.

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Questions

• Name the variable.
• Name the control group.
• Name the constants.
• Explain why you would use at least 50 plants.

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Data and conclusion

• Over the next month, you would collect
  data(height).
• Conclusion at the end of month, see which group
  grew the best.

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What is the Dependent and Independent Variable?
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Data and Analysis
Step 5 Data and Analysis explanation of what
happened in the experiment. All data collected
should be displayed on a data table or on a
graph. DATAfactual information gatehred in the
experiment.(information or numbers from
experiment) What is some data you could collect
from these pics?
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• There is two types of data researchers can
  collect
• Qualitative data factual description that do not
  use numbers. For example, describing the
  behavior of animals, color of eyes, how mothers
  react to their young, etc.
• 2. Quantitative data factual information that
  uses number. For example, counting the number of
  young, measure how tall something grow, etc.

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Qualitative or Quantitative?
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Qualitative or Quantitative?
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Step 6 Conclusion the answer to the problem
statement based on the data you collected. Was
the hypothesis correct or not and identify any
errors that might have occurred in the
experiment.
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Scientific Method

• 1. Name the steps of the scientific method
• 2.Explain how to write a hypothesis.
•   3.Contrast a constant and a control group.
• 4. Define a variable.
• 5.Explain why it is important to have a control
  group
• 6. Explain how to write a procedure.

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Scientific Method

• Sandy heard that plants compete for space. She
  decided to test this. She bought flower seed and
  soil. Into 5 cups, she put the same amount of
  soil. Cup 1 2 seeds Cup 2 4 seeds Cup 3 8
  seeds Cup 4 16 seeds Cup 5 32 seeds After
  25 days, she determined which set of plants grew
  the best.

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Abiogenesis vs. Biogenesis
Abiogenesis(spontaneous generation) People
believed life came from abiotic materials.
Ariostotle believed fish came from mud and worms
came from rain. Biogenesis Theory that states
that living things can only come from Living
things.
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Francesco Redi

• Italian Physician challenged abiogenesis
• Hypothesis If there are maggots present, then
  they did NOT come from rotting meat.
• Variables Open meat vs. not open meat
• Conclusion Only maggots on the open meat so
  maggots came from flies.

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Redis Second Experiment

• They argued that the flies were coming from the
  air.
• He added a third set of jars that had mesh.
• This proved that the flies came from maggots.

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John Needham

• He believed in abiogenesis.
• Hypothesis If you boiled broth, living
  organisms still grow from nonliving broth.
• Experiment He boiled broth and bacteria still
  grew a few days later.

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Lazzaro Spallanzani

• Italian priest and biologist
• Hypothesis If you boiled the broth hotter, then
  there would not be any bacteria.
• Experiment He boiled the broth, sealed them.
  Then boiled again to make sure killed the
  bacteria.
• Conclusion No spontaneous generation.

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Louis Pasteur

• French Chemist Solved NO abiogenesis!
• Hypothesis If the broth is exposed to air with
  dust, then there will be more bacteria.
• Experiment Exposed broth to different amounts
  of dust.
• Conclusion More dust more bacteria

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Enzymes in Your Body

• In the mouth, the first area where the food
  enters, there are enzymes which emulsify and help
  to break down the food into a soft liquid mass
  which then easily slides down the esophagus and
  enters the stomach where further enzymes dilute
  the food mass and are responsible for changing
  the pH of the food so that it can more easily be
  absorbed into the cells from the intestines.

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Enzymes

• There are enzymes which are responsible for
  digesting fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. All
  of these enzymes work in concert together to
  insure a smooth working and active digestive
  system. If the food molecules are not totally
  digested and broken down via these enzymes, they
  can sometimes pass through the intestinal barrier
  into the cells in large particles which then
  cannot be efficiently utilized by the body. This
  is one way that food allergies can develop.

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Enzymes in detergent

• Enzymes provide the superior cleaning performance
  needed to attack stains. Each of these enzymes is
  able to attack a specific type of stain or soil.
  Accordingly, the inclusion of multiple enzymes in
  a detergent allows the product to tackle a much
  broader profile of soil types. What's more,
  multiple enzymes can work in concert to remove
  tough stains or soils made up of a variety of
  substances.

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• For example, a food stain might typically contain
  protein, lipid (fat) and starch, necessitating
  the combined actions of protease, lipase and
  amylase for its complete elimination.