Musical Expectancy

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Musical Expectancy

• Definition of expectancy
• Expectancy refers to the idea that an
  antecedent event, or set of events, implies or
  anticipates a subsequent event or set of events
• In music, this means that a given musical event
  or passage implies or anticipates an upcoming
  musical event or passage
• Impact of expectancy formation/realization
• Relation between expectancy formation and the
  apprehension of musical emotion and meaning
• Impact of expectancy formation on perceptual and
  cognitive processing of music

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Musical Expectancy

• Basic expectation

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Musical Expectancy

• Questions about the process of expectancy
  generation and realization
• The factors underlying the formation of musical
  expectations. What processes give rise to the
  formation of expectancies, and influence the
  content of these expectations
• The subsequent implications of expectancy
  realization on musical processing, including
  basic responses to music, guiding of attention,
  memory for music, and so on.

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The Formation of Musical Expectancies

• The Expectancy Region
• (Jones, 1976)

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The Formation of Musical Expectancies

• Gestalt principles
• Melodic processes (Meyer, 1973)

Gap-Fill Pattern
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Linear Pattern
Expected Note
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The Formation of Musical Expectancies

• The 1st eight measures of Schumanns Du Ring An
  Meinen Finger, Op. 42
• Schmuckler (1989)

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The Formation of Musical Expectancies

• Schmuckler (1989)
• Probe Position 1
• Context
• Trial 1
• ?
• 
  Continuation Tone
• Trial 2
• ?
• 
  Continuation Tone

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The Formation of Musical Expectancies

• Schmuckler (1989)
• Probe Position 2
•  Context
• Possible Continuation Tones

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The Formation of Musical Expectancies

• Schmuckler (1989)
• Beta weights for tonal structure, melodic
  contour, and melodic process

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The Formation of Musical Expectancies

• The Implication-Realization Model
• (Narmour, 1990, 1992)
• Registral Direction small intervals imply
  melodic continuation in the same direction,
  whereas large intervals imply a reversal of
  direction
• Intervallic difference small intervals imply
  similarly sized intervals whereas large intervals
  imply smaller intervals
• Registral Return refers to cases in which the
  second tone of a realized interval reverse pitch
  direction, thus producing approximate symmetry in
  patterns
• Proximity there is a general preference for
  small realized intervals
• Closure closure occurs when a melody changes
  direction or when a relatively smaller realized
  interval follows a larger implicative interval

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The Formation of Musical Expectancies

• Quantification of Narmours Implication-Realizatio
  n Model
• Schellenberg (1996)

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The Formation of Musical Expectancies

• Simplification of Narmours Implication-Realizatio
  n Model
• Schellenberg (1997)

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The Formation of Musical Expectancies

• Harmonic expectancies
• Schmuckler (1989)
• Predictions based on Pistons (1978)
• Table of Usual Root Progressions

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The Formation of Musical Expectancies

• Harmonic expectancies
• Schmuckler (1989)
• Comparisons of harmonic expectancy ratings

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The Formation of Musical Expectancies

• Combined (melodic and harmonic) expectancies
• Schmuckler (1989)
• Beta weights for melodic and harmonic factors

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The Consequences of Musical Expectancies

• The Harmonic Priming Paradigm
• Bharucha Stoeckig (1986, 1987)
• Related Context
• Unrelated Context

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The Consequences of Musical Expectancies

• Processing of harmonically related
• and unrelated chords
• Bharucha Stoeckig (1986)

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The Consequences of Musical Expectancies

• Harmonic context and phoneme monitoring
• Bigand, Tillman, Poulin, DAdamo
• Madurell (2001)

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The Consequences of Musical Expectancies

• Harmonic context and phoneme monitoring
• Bigand, Tillman, Poulin, DAdamo
• Madurell (2001)

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The Consequences of Musical Expectancies

• Expectancy and memory
• Schmuckler (1997)