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Sensation- Day 2

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Sensation- Day 2 Review Questions: Define sensation and perception, and discriminate between the two. What is the retina, and what happens there? – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Sensation- Day 2


1
Sensation- Day 2
  • Review Questions
  • Define sensation and perception, and discriminate
    between the two.
  • What is the retina, and what happens there?
  • Describe the basic idea behind the Trichromatic
    Theory of color vision?
  • Distinguish between bottom-up processing and
    top-down processing, and give an example of each.

2
Hearing
  • Aka Audition

3
Why do we have two ears?
4
Sound
  • Sound, like light, comes in waves
  • Sound is vibration
  • Features of sound include
  • Pitch
  • Hertz
  • Decibels

5
Pitch
  • A sounds highness or lowness
  • Dependent on the frequency of the sound wave
  • Is measured as hertz (Hz)

6
Hertz (Hz)
  • A measure of the number of sound wave peaks per
    second measures frequency
  • Determines the pitch of the sound
  • Human hearing goes from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

7
Decibel (dB)
  • A measure of the height of the sound wave
  • Determines the loudness of the sound
  • Sometimes called amplitude

8
Amplitude is how loud the sound is. The higher
the crest of the wave is the louder the sound is.
It is measured in decibels.
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10
Hearing The Structure of the Auditory System
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12
Auditory Canal
  • The opening through which sound waves travel as
    they move into the ear for processing
  • Ends at the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

13
Parts of the Ear Auditory Canal
14
Tympanic Membrane (eardrum)
  • The tissue barrier that transfers sound vibration
    from the air to the tiny bones of the middle ear
  • Can be damaged by objects in the ear or
    exceptionally loud noises

15
Parts of the Ear Tympanic Membrane
16
Ossicles
  • Three tiny bones that transfer sound waves from
    the eardrum to the cochlea
  • Hammer, anvil and stirrup

17
Parts of the Ear - Occicles
18
Cochlea
  • A hearing organ where sound waves are changed
    into neural impulses
  • The major organ of hearing
  • Filled with fluid a snail shaped body tube

Cochlear Implant
19
Parts of the Ear - Cochlea
20
Hair Cells
  • The receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea
    that change sound vibrations into neural impulses
  • Similar to the rods and cones within the eye

21
Parts of the Ear - Hair Cells
22
Auditory Nerve
  • The nerve that carries sound information from the
    ears to the temporal lobes of the brain

23
Parts of the Ear Auditory Nerve
24
Semicircular Canals
  • Organs in the inner ear used in sensing body
    orientation and balance (vestibular sense)
  • Relies on fluid in the canals
  • Spinning in circles disrupts the fluid.

25
Parts of the Ear Semicircular Canals
26
Divisions of the Ear
  • Ears structure can be divided into
  • The outer ear
  • The middle ear
  • The inner ear

27
Divisions of the Ear
28
Divisions of the Ear
29
Divisions of the Ear
30
How do we perceive differences in pitch?
  • There are two theories..

31
Place Theory
  • We hear different pitches because different sound
    waves trigger activity at different places along
    the cochleas basilar membrane.

32
Frequency Theory
  • We sense pitch by the basilar membrane vibrating
    at the same rate as the sound.
  • But this theory has trouble explaining high pitch
    sounds because our hairs cannot vibrate at
    certain speeds.

33
Hearing loss
  • Conduction Hearing Loss caused by damage to
    mechanical system of ear.
  • Sensorinueral hearing loss caused by damage to
    cochleas receptor cells or to auditory nerves.

Cochlea Implant
34
Smell and Taste
35
Why do we study smell and taste together?
  • SENSORY INTERACTION the principle that one sense
    may influence another.

36
Taste
  • Taste is a chemical sense.
  • Receptor cells are located primarily on the
    tongue and in the mouth.
  • Four different tastes
  • Salty, sweet, sour and bitter
  • Damaged taste receptor cells are replaced within
    a few days.

37
Tongue
38
Taste Buds
Map out the tongue
39
Papillae
  • Those bumps on our tongue are called Papillae.
  • Papillae help grip food while your teeth are
    chewing.
  • They also have another special job - they contain
    your taste buds

40
TASTE
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41
PTC Strips
42
But what about smell?
  • Can our sense of smell be biologically based?

43
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44
Smell
  • Smell is a chemical sense.
  • Olfactory cells in the upper nasal passages
    detect molecules in the air.
  • Taste and smell interact to produce flavor.

45
Olfactory Cells
  • The chemical receptor cells for smell
  • Located in the nasal passages

46
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48
So can we smell the difference?
Pheromones
  • Chemical messengers that are picked up through
    our sense of smell between males and females
  • Founded in the early 1930s by studying
    silkworms.
  • Jury is still out on whether they exist in
    humans.

49
Body Senses
50
Kinesthetic Sense
  • Tells us where our body parts are.
  • Receptors located in our muscles and joints.

Without the kinesthetic sense you could not touch
the button to make copies of your buttocks.
51
Kinesthetic Sense
  • The system for sensing the position and movement
    of individual body parts
  • Relies on receptor cells from the muscles and
    joints
  • Ones leg falling asleep is a disruption of the
    kinesthetic sense

52
Vestibular Sense
  • Tells us where our body is oriented in space.
  • Our sense of balance.
  • Located in our semicircular canals in our ears.

53
Parallel Processing
  • The processing of several aspects of a problem
    simultaneously.

Motion
Form
Color
Depth
54
Feature Detection
  • The concept that specific nerve cells in the
    brain respond to specific features of the
    stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.

55
The End
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