Connecting%20Themes

1
Connecting Themes

• The GADOE organizes each subject into a series of
  standards that are divided into units
• The 1st unit is called Concepts Found in
  Psychology and includes 5 Connecting Themes that
  are found throughout the study of Psychology
• Your job is to examine and understand each
  connecting theme. My job is to make it as
  interesting as I can.

2

• The idea behind the 1st unit is for you to see
  underlying themes that recur in each of the
  subsequent units of study (Thats me trying to
  sound smart.).
• The connecting themes serve as a foundation for
  you to build your house of Psychological
  knowledge (lame alert).

3
Connecting Themes

• Beliefs and Ideals
• Culture
• Human Environment Interaction
• Individuals, Groups, Institutions
• Technological Innovations
• Sounds exciting, right?

4

• As I elaborate on each connecting theme, I want
  you to BRIEFLY respond to the prompts that
  follow.
• You will have a chance to elaborate later.

5
In Addition

• After responding to the prompts on each of the
  following slides, I want you to create a unique
  question for each connecting theme.
• Questions should focus on how each connecting
  theme relates to you personally.
• Or how each has affected your life
• Questions should be designed to elicit
  conversation.

6

• I. Beliefs and Ideals The student will
  understand that the beliefs and ideals of a
  society influence the social, political, and
  economic decisions of that society.
• Identify the most fundamental ideals and beliefs
  of American society.
• Identify your fundamental ideals and beliefs.
  Specifically, how do each of these beliefs and
  ideals affect your decisions?
• Why did you decide to study psychology?
• How do the beliefs and ideals of our society
  directly affect the way we view psychology?
• ___________________________________

7

• II. Individuals, Groups, Institutions The
  student will understand that the actions of
  individuals, groups, and/or institutions affect
  society through intended and unintended
  consequences.
• When and how have your actions been affected by
  an individual, group, or institution? (i.e.
  individual you, group family, institution
  school)
• Which actions have you taken that ended up much
  different than you intended as a result of
  interaction with others?
• ___________________________________

8

• III. Innovation The student will understand that
  technological innovations have consequences, both
  intended and unintended, for a society.
• How has technology influenced your life?
• What are some examples of how technology in your
  life ended up producing a result you had not
  expected?
• ___________________________________

9

• IV. Human Environmental Interaction The student
  will understand that humans, their society, and
  the environment affect each other.
• How has the environment (your surroundings,
  nurture, etc.) affected your thoughts and
  behaviors?
• How do humans, their society, and the environment
  affect each other?
• ___________________________________

10

• V. Culture The student will understand that the
  culture of a society is the product of the
  religion, beliefs, customs, traditions, and
  government of that society.
• How would you define your culture?
• What are some of your cultures traditions and
  customs?
• ___________________________________

11
Socratic Seminar
12
Prologue The Story of Psychology
13
Prologue The Story of Psychology

• Psychologys Roots
• Prescientific Psychology
• Psychological Science is Born
• Psychological Science Develops

14
Prologue The Story of Psychology

• Contemporary Psychology
• Psychologys Big Debate
• Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis
• Psychologys Subfields

15
Psychology

• more than a therapist and a couch

16
How is Psychology defined?

• Psyche Logos

17
Today, Psychology is defined

• The Scientific study of behavior and mental
  processes.

18
How old is Psychology?
19

• Prescientific
• Thinking about thinking / using deductive
  reasoning to understand mental processing
• Logic and reasoning
• Nature of the soul
• Empiricism/inductive reasoning (based on
  observation)
• Dark ages-Renaissance
• I think therefore I am
• Blank slate
• Modern/Scientific
• 1879
• Psychoanalysis ?
• Behaviorism
• Technology and mental processing

20
Psychsim Activity

• Psychologys Timeline

21
Psychologist Contribution Mnemonic Aprox. Date Country
Wundt
Skinner Skynard fans behave badly.
Freud
Watson
James
Darwin
Rogers
22
Psychologist Contribution Mnemonic Aprox.Date Country
Calkins
Dix
Hall
Pavlov
Piaget
Washburn

23
Checking for Understanding

• Who is credited with some of the earliest
  Psychological insight?
• Put these figures in sequential order.
• Which 2 Psychological questions did they debate?

24
Early History

• The Greeks (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle) are
  credited with some of the earliest insights into
  Psychology
• They debated the nature of the soul
• They debated whether knowledge was innate or
  learned

25
Prescientific Psychology

• Socrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato (428-348 B.C.)

http//www.law.umkc.edu
http//www.law.umkc.edu
Socrates
Plato
Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind
was separate from the body, the mind continued to
exist after death, and ideas were innate.
26

• The unexamined life is not worth living.
• -Socrates

27
Aristotle Embraces Empiricism

• Empiricism
• The belief that knowledge comes from experience
  via the senses
• Science should rely on observation and
  experimentation

28
Prescientific Psychology

• Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)

http//faculty.washington.edu
Aristotle suggested that the soul is not
separable from the body and that knowledge
(ideas) grow from experience.
29

• The roots of education are bitter, but the
  fruit is sweet.
• -Aristotle

30
Differing Perspectives

• Socrates and Plato relied on deductive reasoning
  (based on logic) to reach their conclusions.
• Aristotle arrived at different conclusions,
  partly due to the fact the he relied on inductive
  reasoning (using observations or examples to
  arrive at generalizations).
• A precursor to modern Science

31
Platos Cave Allegory

• Platos theory seeks to explain human behavior
  and mental processes, but he does so in a
  decidedly unscientific way.

32
Faulty Logic

• Even so, Aristotle missed the mark on many of his
  conclusions
• mice die if the drink in the summer-time
• Eels are generated spontaneously
• Humans only have eight ribs
• Men have more teeth than women
• Mind must be in the heart
• Can survive blow to head
• Heart wounds most often fatal
• Brains function to cool the blood when overly
  warm

33
Dualism vs. Monism

• The debate between dualists (Socrates and
  Plato), who believe that the mind can exist
  separately from the body, and monists
  (Aristotle), who believe the mind and body are
  different aspects of the same thing, continues
  today.
• Are you a monist or dualist?

34
P-3 from IRM

• Reverse the following
• 3,6,7,8,10,12,15,17,20,22,24,25,
• and 27
• 15, 24, 33, 42, 51

35

• Medieval period void of Psychological insight
• Plague and the Church
• Renewed interest

36
Renaissance and Enlightenment brought renewed
interest
37
Prescientific Psychology

• Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

http//www.spacerad.com
http//ocw.mit.edu
Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul
(mind)-body separation (a Dualist), but wondered
how the immaterial mind and physical body
communicated.
38
Reflex Theory

• He proposed a mechanism for automatic reaction in
  response to external events
• external motions affect the peripheral ends of
  the nerve fibrils ,which in turn displace the
  central ends. As the central ends are displace,
  the pattern of interfibrillar space is rearranged
  and the flow of animal spirits is thereby
  directed into the approptiate nerves

39
handout
40

• I thinktherefore I am.
• Descartes believed that the only thing that he
  could prove was that he existed. All else was
  conjecture, based on previous assumptions.

41
Prescientific Psychology

• Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

http//www.iep.utm.edu
Bacon is one of the founders of modern science,
particularly the experimental method.
42
Prescientific Psychology

• John Locke (1632-1704)

biografieonline.it/img/bio/John_Locke.jpg
Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or
blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on
it.
43

• http//www.ted.com/talks/steven_pinker_chalks_it_u
  p_to_the_blank_slate.html
• Stop on inborn morality (745)
• W2W- Is morality universal or relative?
• Support your opinion with as much detail as
  possible

44
Prescientific Psychology

• What is the relation of mind to the body?

Mind and body are connected Mind and body are distinct
The Hebrews Socrates
Aristotle Plato
Augustine Descartes
45
Prescientific Psychology

• How are ideas formed?

Some ideas are inborn The mind is a blank slate
Socrates Aristotle
Plato Locke
46
Psychological Science is Born

• Structuralism

Titchner (1867-1927)
Wundt (1832-1920)
Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms)
of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig,
Germany, in 1879.
47
Lets have a little learning fun.
48
Famous Faces and Graphinitions
49
History of Psychology Graphic Timeline

• See handout.
• Read Prologue.
• As you do so, gather information into the
  following graphic organizer.
• Note Your textbook does not contain all
  necessary information.

50
Psychological Science is Born

• Functionalism

James (1842-1910)
Mary Calkins
Influenced by Darwin, William James established
the school of functionalism, which opposed
structuralism.
51
Structuralism vs. Functionalism

• Structuralism has its basis in Wundts early
  experimentation. Titchener established this
  school of thought.
• Sought to identify what he mind and consciousness
  were (structure)
• Attempted to classify the elements of the mind
  using introspection
• Functionalism is based on William James idea
  that Psychology has practical applications to
  life
• Sought to identify how the mind and consciousness
  worked (function)
• i.e.we have fear and anger to aid in survival

52
Psychological Science is Born

• The Unconscious Mind

Freud (1856-1939)
Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the
importance of the unconscious mind and its
effects on human behavior.
53
Freud

• Developed early personality theory
• Based on unconscious conflicts within
• Also influenced greatly by early childhood
  experiences (lt6)
• Problems arise in adolescence and early adulthood
• Freuds popularity has declined, but he was a
  pioneer in the field (much more later)

54
Psychological Science Develops

• Behaviorism

Skinner (1904-1990)
Watson (1878-1958)
Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the
study of overt behavior as the subject matter of
scientific psychology.
55
Behaviorism is all about learned responses.
56
J.B. Watson

• Behaviorist
• Focused on learning
• What we feel and do depends on associations we
  have made
• Ex. We are afraid of dogs due to a bad experience
• In other words, our experiences shape who we are
  through learning
• Conditioning experiments on humans
• Thought that good parenting could prevent most
  psych problems

57
JB Watson

• If given complete control over persons
  environment from infancy, he could make them
  become anything he wanted (doctor or beggar)
• Best known for Little Albert Experiment
• Our fears are caused by frightening associations
  weve made to them in the past (operant
  conditioning)

58
B.F. Skinner

• The quintessential behaviorist, Skinner believed
  that we are controlled by our environment and we
  become whatever out environment forces us to be
  (good or bad)
• Taught pigeons how to do complex tasks by
  manipulating their environment
• He did not believe that we truly have free will.
• The choices that we make are a result of learned
  responses to reward and punishment
• What do you think about this?

59
BF Skinner

• Very strict religious upbringing (grandmothers
  love)
• Not really a social butterfly (science books v.
  dating)
• Strict behaviorist, though he mellowed with old
  age and viewed humans in less robotic terms
• Thought all behaviors were the result of
  reinforcement
• Basically, our personality is a accumulation of
  learned behaviors
• If studying leads to good grades, you will
  continue to study

60

• Make a list of about 10 behaviors that you have
  performed in the last 24 hours
• Check the ones that you performed out of your own
  free will
• Be ready to discuss

61
Psychological Science Develops

• Humanistic Psychology

Maslow (1908-1970)
http//facultyweb.cortland.edu
Rogers (1902-1987)
http//www.carlrogers.dk
Maslow and Rogers emphasized current
environmental influences on our growth potential
and our need for love and acceptance.
62
Tonight

• Read the remainder of the Prologue and finish the
  timeline.

63
The Finch That Stole Christmas
Darwin (1809-1882)
Darwin stated that nature selects those that best
enable the organism to survive and reproduce in a
particular environment.
64
Evolutionary Perspective

• Looks to natural selection to explain behavior
  and mental processes such as memory, perception,
  and language.
• Argues that social behaviors develop through
  genetics and inheritance
• Adaptive functions of emotions promote survival
  (love, anger, etc.)

65
Many traits are inherited.

• Draw a horizontal line and touch it with your
  ring fingerdoes your index finger touch also?
• Interlock your handswhich thumb is on top?
  Practice wont help.
• Tongue roll

66
W2W

• The single best idea that anyone has ever had
• Strategy D.
• Natural Selection- From among chance variations,
  nature selects the traits that best enable the
  organism to survive

67
Fear? Disgust? Its All in Your Genes

• Article Review

68
Other Important Figures

• Dorothea Dix - helped reform inhumane treatments
  for psych disorders
• William James- Father of American Psychology1st
  Psychology lecture I ever heard was the 1st I
  gave
• Taught at Harvard/wrote 1st Psych textbook
• Mary Whiton Calkins student of James and became
  the 1st woman president of the APA (denied PHD)
• G. Stanley Hall - American student of Wundt who
  helped conduct 1st Psych experiment1st American
  to receive Ph.D. in Psychology
• Margaret Floy Washburn -1st woman to receive
  Ph.D. in Psychology

69
Throughout the History of Psychology, many
different approaches/perspectives have
developed -such as Functionalism/ Structuralism,
Behaviorism, Humanism, etc.Today, modern
Psychologist view Psychology through one or more
of 7 lenses.
70
Psychologys Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample Questions
Neuroscience/Biological How the body and brain enables emotions? What is physically going on in the body? How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?
Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of ones genes? How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?
Behavior genetics How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences? To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?
71
Psychologys Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample Questions
Psychodynamic Differs from psychoanalysis due to its decreased focus on animal drives How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts? How can someones personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?
Behavioral How we learn observable responses? How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?
72
Psychologys Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample Questions
Cognitive How we encode, process, store and retrieve information? How we verbalize our thoughts internally. How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving?
Social-cultural How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures? How are we as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?
73
Neighbor Reading
74
7 Perspectives Activity-Jigsaw

• List scenarios on board
• Pair w/ one student from another group and share
  analyses
• discuss
• Repeat process with two other individuals (3
  total)
• Whole group discussion of selected topic

75
History/Perspectives Graphinitions
76
Gestalt?

• Gestalt (organized whole) German school of
  thought that deals with visual perception
• people tend to organize visual elements into
  groups or whole forms (figures)
• instead of just a collection of simple lines and
  curves.
• "The whole is greater than the sum of the parts"

77
Instead of a nose, mouth, and eyes perceived
distinctly, we see a face
78
Our mind perceives whole forms
79
Biopsychosocial Model

• The Biopsychosocial model combines three levels
  of analysis, which provides for a more in-depth
  understanding.
• Modern psychologists use an integrated or
  eclectic approach, rather than focusing on only
  one perspective
• See obesity activity.

80
Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis
81
Smiling at someone in the hallway

• brainstorm
• biological reasons why we may do this (brain
  mechanisms, genetics predispositions, hormones,
  adaptive traits)
• Psychological reasons
• (learned fears/expectations, emotional
  responses, cognitive processing and perceptual
  interpretation)
• Socio-cultural reasons
• (cultural-societal expectations, peer/group
  influence, compelling modelsmedia, presence of
  others)

82
Its your turn
Psycho

• Bio

Smiling
Social
83
Psychologys Approaches Recap

• Earliest
• Structuralism (Wundt/Titchener)
• Functionalism (James)
• Behaviorism (Watson and Skinner)
• A little later
• Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic (Freud)
• Gestalt (German school of thought )
• Humanism (Maslow and Rogers)
• Contemporary
• Evolutionary
• Biological (AKA- Neuroscience)
• cognitive

84
Note The following bell ringer will be grades,
but it will count as a daily gradenot as a quiz.
85
Bell Ringer (History and Approaches)

• The goal of Structuralism was to determine the
  basic _______ of the mind through the use of
  __________.
• Opposing ________ (the founder of Structuralism)
  and inspired by the writings of ________,
  Functionalism differed in the sense that it
  focused on the _______ _________ of behavior and
  mental processes.
• Adaptive functions
• Behaviorists like __________ and _________ felt
  that human behavior and mental processes are the
  result of learned __________ that we have made
  between our previous actions and there
  consequences.

86

• 4. Briefly describe Darwins key contributions to
  the field of Psychology.
• 5. __________- helped reform inhumane treatments
  for psych disorders
• Dorothea Dix
• 6. ___________ student of James and became the
  1st woman president of the APA
• Mary Whiton Calkins
• 7. __________-1st woman to receive Ph.D. in
  Psychology
• Margaret Floy Washburn

87
If the therapist pictured below subscribes to
Freuds Psychoanalytic theory, what will be the
goal of the session? Which methods may be used
to accomplish this goal? Describe the
conversation that would likely take place between
the therapist and Marge.
88

• 9. This model combines the three levels of
  analysis.
• 10.
• A. Identify two thinkers that believed humans
  are born with innate ideas.
• B. Identify two thinkers that believed humans
  are born with a blank slate.
• 11. Critical Thinking Using deductive reasoning,
  describe the fundamental difference between
  Humanism and Psychoanalysis.

89
Psychological Associations Societies

• The American Psychological Association is the
  largest organization of psychology with 160,000
  members world-wide, followed by the British
  Psychological Society with 34,000 members.

90
Education Necesario

• If youre looking into a career as a
  Psychologist
• BA/BS
• offer few opportunities
• With an MS
• Marriage and Family Therapist
• Clinical Social Worker
• Teach in a 2-year college
• With a PHD
• May teach at university level
• May enter private practice as psychologist in
  most states

91
Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry

• A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies,
  assesses, and treats troubled people with
  psychotherapy.
• Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical
  professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like
  drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically
  diseased patients.

92
Psychiatry vs. PsychologyRead Aloud

• Psychiatrists (M.D.) go to medical school and
  receive training in the treatment of psych
  disorders during a specialized residency.
  Typically, psychiatrists treat psychological
  disorders with medically based treatments, often
  prescribing drugs in addition to, or instead of,
  psychotherapy.

93

• Clinical Psychologists earn a Ph.D. in clinical
  psychology, which includes a specialized
  internship in which they practice different
  psychologically based treatments, or
  psychotherapies. Typically, clinical
  psychologists use psychotherapy to treat mental
  illness.
• CP Version couchnot Prozac

94
Two Types of Research

• Basic Research (Research Psychologist) pure
  science that aims to increase the scientific
  knowledge base
• More concerned with discovering conceptsless
  practical in nature
• Example Developmental Psychologists attempt to
  understand how we change throughout the lifespan
• Applied Research (applied Psycholgist)-
  scientific study that aims to solve practical
  problems
• More practical in nature
• Example Industrial-organizational Psychologist

95
Industrial/Organizational

• Work with management to improve working
  conditions in order to
• Increase efficiency
• Increase profit
• Foster positive company image
• Workplace design
• work with employees on personal issues that may
  interfere with work

96
Being an Industrial/Org. Psychologist

• Analyze your classroom
• Are considerations made whose purpose is to
  increase student efficiency?
• Desks (design and seating arrangement)
• Lighting
• Paint color
• Location of clock
• Location of teachers desk
• Etc.

97
How about retail /grocery stores?

• Milk is usually at the back of the store
• Popular item, which forces people to walk through
  the store
• Children cereal at eye level
• Soothing music
• Comfortable temp.
• Impulse aisle
• Red

98
Research Analogy

• Basic Research Structuralism
• Applied Research __________
• Complete the analogy ,and provide a persuasive
  rationale for your guess.
• .

99

• Basic research is much like structuralism,
  whose adherents wanted to discover what the mind
  and consciousness were.
• Applied research is much like functionalism,
  whose practitioners wanted to discover how the
  mind and consciousness worked and how they helped
  people adapt to circumstances

100
Major Subfields Within Psychology

• Biological
• Clinical
• Cognitive
• Counseling
• Developmental
• Educational Many others
• Experimental
• Human factors
• Industrial-organizational
• Personality
• Psychometric
• social

101
Subfields G.O./K.I.M. Activity

• Because we dont have time to cover the subfields
  of Psychology in class, I want you to complete a
  graphic organizer outside of class
• See Appendix A4-A8 and provide brief summaries of
  each
• -Or-
• KIM Activity
• Memory clue can be visual, or utilize some other
  type of mnemonic device (acronym, narrative
  chain, etc.)
• Each memory clue should clearly illustrate the
  role of each specialty.
• -or-
• Trivial Pursuit Activity (16 wedges) Provide a
  3-word summary of each subfield
• You may see these again (on quiz or test)

102
Psychologys Subfields Research
Psychologist What she does
Biological Explore the links between brain and mind.
Developmental Study changing abilities from womb to tomb.
Cognitive Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems.
Personality Investigate our persistent traits.
Social Explore how we view and affect one another.
103
Psychologys Subfields Research
Data APA 1997
104
Psychologys Subfields Applied
Psychologist What she does
Clinical Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
Counseling Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges.
Educational Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings
Industrial/ Organizational Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.
105
Psychologys Subfields Applied
Data APA 1997
106
Effective Study Skills Graphic Organizer

• pp. 15 and 16

107
Close-up
Your Study of Psychology Survey, Question, Read,
Review and Reflect (SQ3R)

• Survey What you are about to read, including
  chapter outlines and section heads.
• Question Ask questions. Make notes.
• Read Make sure you read outlines, sections and
  chapters in entirety.
• Review Margin definitions. Study learning
  outcomes.
• Reflect On what you learn. Test yourself with
  quizzes.

108
Close-up
Additional Study Hints

• Distribute your time.
• Listen actively in class.
• Overlearn.
• Be a smart test-taker.

109
Nature/Nurture Persuasive Essay

• Select a topic virtuosity, Criminal behavior,
  religiosity, alcoholism, sexual orientation, etc.

110
Free-Response Question

• Psychology has a variety of complementary yet
  incomplete perspectives that help us understand
  behavior. How might each of the following
  perspectives explain aggression?
• Biological
• Cognitive
• Evolutionary
• Social-Cultural

111
9-point questionAllow 1 point for an adequate
discussion of each of the following concepts or
terms from each perspective.
112
Biological (3 points)

• Should mention the physical reaction that
  occursdifferent areas of the brain are active
  when someone is acting aggressivelyheart rate,
  etc.
• Should mention heredity. Some could have a
  genetic predisposition to act aggressivelymay be
  born with a more aggressive temperament.

113
Cognitive (2 points)

• Should include patterns of thoughtsacting
  aggressively affects ones thinking.
• Our interpretation of events could affect
  aggressive behavior.
• Include positive internal sentences

114
Evolutionary (2 points)

• Genetic influence - Aggression might have
  facilitated survival and the subsequent passing
  of genes from one generation to the next.
• Natural Selection of traits From among chance
  variations, nature selects the traits that best
  enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a
  particular environment
• Adaptive function of these traits

115
Social-Cultural (2 points)

• Differing cultural influence What is seen as
  aggressive in one culture might not be seen as
  normal in another, depending on the cultural
  context.
• The setting or situation might affect aggressive
  thinking and behavior (maybe surrounded by group
  of friends, whom he or she doesnt want to look
  foolish in front of)

116
Prologue QUIZ tomorrow?
117
Timeline Grading Rubric

• All 30 terms/names included and identified (60
  points)
• 10 meaningful visuals included (20)
• Followed directions
• Text boxes used (4)
• Timeline straight (4 straight edge used)
• Timeline is color-coded (4-green,blue,red)
• Handwriting legible or printed (4)
• WOW factor (4 pointsawarded to those who
  exceeded expectations)