Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology

1

• Course Plan
• We will study effects of soil and stresses on
  plant secondary products and see where it leads
  us
• Learn more about plant secondary products
• Why do they make them?
• When do they make them?
• Where do they make them?

2

• Pick some plants to study
• Capsicum (Chiles) capsaicin
• Nicotiana (Tobacco) nicotine
• Onions (Allium cepa)? syn-Propanethial-S-oxide
• Garlic (Allium sativum)? Alliin
• Radishes (Raphanus sativus) glucosinolates
• Mustard (Brassica juncea) glucosinolates
• Peppermint (Mentha piperita) menthol many
• Catnip (Nepeta cataria) nepetalactone
• Stresses
• Water
• Nitrogen
• Sulfur
• Herbivory
• Shaking

3
On Friday Present a plant stressor, what is known
about it, and why it might affect plant 2
compounds in an 10 minute presentation. Alterna
tive presenting another good plant/stressor
response to study and why we should choose it
over the ones already chosen.
4

• Secondary Metabolites
• 1 metabolites are essential for growth
  development
• therefore present in all plants
• 2 metabolites not required for growth
  development
• therefore not present in all plants

5

• Natural Products
• 1 metabolites are essential for growth
  development
• therefore present in all plants
• 2 metabolites not required for growth
  development
• therefore not present in all plants
• Often only found
• in one or a few spp.

capsaicin
Nepetalactone Menthol
6

• Natural Products
• 1 metabolites are essential for growth
  development
• therefore present in all plants
• 2 metabolites not required for growth
  development
• therefore not present in all plants
• Often only found
• in one or a few spp.
• Derived from 1
• metabs

7

• Natural Products
• 2 metabolites not required for growth
  development
• therefore not present in all plants
• Often only found in one or a few spp.
• Derived from 1 metabs,
• can be hard to draw line

8

• Natural Products
• 2 metabolites not required for growth
  development
• therefore not present in all plants
• Often only found in one or a few spp.
• Derived from 1 metabs, can be hard to draw line

9

• Natural Products
• 2 metabolites not present in all plants
• Often only found in one or a few spp.
• Derived from 1 metabs, can be hard to draw line
• Can be up to 3 of dry weight very expensive to
  the the plant!

10

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types tremendous variety of functions
• Defense
• Herbivores

11

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types tremendous variety of functions
• Defense
• Herbivores
• Pathogens

Resveratrol
12

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types tremendous variety of functions
• Defense
• Herbivores
• Pathogens
• Other plants

leptospermone
13

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types tremendous variety of functions
• Defense
• Attractant
• Pollinators
• Odors
• Colors

14

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types tremendous variety of functions
• Defense
• Attractant
• Pollinators
• Symbionts

15

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types tremendous variety of functions
• Defense
• Attractant
• Pollinators
• Symbionts
• Seed dispersers Methyl
  anthranilate(strawberries)

Pentyl butyrate (pears, apricots)
16

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types tremendous variety of functions
• Defense
• Attractant
• Pollinators
• Symbionts
• Seed dispersers
• protectors (tritrophic interactions)

17

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types tremendous variety of functions
• Defense
• Attractant
• Protecting from UV

18

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types tremendous variety of functions
• Defense
• Attractant
• Protecting from UV
• metal uptake and transport

19

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types tremendous variety of functions
• Defense
• Attractant
• Protecting from UV
• metal uptake and transport
• Hardening cell walls

20
Natural Products gt100,000 types tremendous
variety of functions Some are made constitutively
21
Natural Products gt100,000 types tremendous
variety of functions Some are made
constitutively Others are induced, especially
defense compounds
22

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types tremendous variety of functions
• Some are made constitutively, others are induced
• Made in many cellular locations
• Cytoplasm most hydrophilics

23

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types tremendous variety of functions
• Some are made constitutively, others are induced
• Made in many cellular locations
• Cytoplasm most hydrophilics
• Chloroplasts terpenoids and some alkaloids

24

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types tremendous variety of functions
• Some are made constitutively, others are induced
• Made in many cellular locations
• Cytoplasm most hydrophilics
• Chloroplasts terpenoids and some alkaloids
• Mitochondria some alkaloids and some amines

25

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types tremendous variety of functions
• Some are made constitutively, others are induced
• Made in many cellular locations
• Cytoplasm most hydrophilics
• Chloroplasts terpenoids and
• some alkaloids
• Mitochondria some alkaloids
• and some amines
• Peroxisomes some terpenoids,
• convert glucosinolates to active
• form upon pathogen attack

26

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types tremendous variety of functions
• Some are made constitutively, others are induced
• Made in many cellular locations
• Cytoplasm most hydrophilics
• Chloroplasts terpenoids and some alkaloids
• Mitochondria some alkaloids and some amines
• Peroxisomes some terpenoids, convert
  glucosinolates to active form upon pathogen
  attack
• Endoplasmic reticulum fatty acid derivatives,
  other nonpolars

27

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types tremendous variety of functions
• Made in many cellular locations
• Made in many cell types
• Some in all

28

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types tremendous variety of functions
• Made in many cellular locations
• Made in many cell types
• Some in all
• Others in specialized cells or tissues

29

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types tremendous variety of functions
• Made in many cellular locations
• Made in many cell types
• Some in all
• Others in specialized cells or tissues
• Some are transported in xylem or phloem from site
  of synthesis to where they are stored

30
Natural Products gt100,000 types tremendous
variety of functions Made in many cellular
locations Made in many cell types Many are stored
in vacuole
31
Natural Products gt100,000 types tremendous
variety of functions Made in many cellular
locations Made in many cell types Many are stored
in vacuole Others in plastids or ER
32
Natural Products gt100,000 types tremendous
variety of functions Made in many cellular
locations Made in many cell types Some are stored
in special cell types, eg trichomes
33
Natural Products gt100,000 types tremendous
variety of functions Made in many cellular
locations Made in many cell types Some are stored
in special cell types Others in special cavities
or ducts
Secretory cavity in lemon Pine resin duct
34
Natural Products gt100,000 types tremendous
variety of functions Made in many cellular
locations Made in many cell types Some are stored
in special cell types Others in special cavities
or ducts Others in flowers, leaves or fruits
35

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types 3 main groups
• Terpenoids
• Alkaloids
• Phenolics

36

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types 3 main groups
• gt30,000 terpenoids made from isoprene units

37

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types 3 main groups
• gt30,000 terpenoids made from isoprene units
• Some with N, most w/o
• Monoterpenoids
• mostly essential oils

38

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types 3 main groups
• gt30,000 terpenoids made from isoprene units
• Some with N, most w/o
• Monoterpenoids
• mostly essential oils
• Longer ones have
• diverse functions
• Pigments
• Signals
• Defense

39

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types 3 main groups
• gt30,000 terpenoids made from isoprene units
• Longer ones have diverse functions
• Pigments
• Signals
• Defense
• Phytoecdysterones mimic
• ecdysone cause molting

40

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types 3 main groups
• gt30,000 terpenoids made from isoprene units
• gt12,000 Alkaloids derived from amino acids
  contain N

41

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types 3 main groups
• gt30,000 terpenoids made from isoprene units
• gt12,000 Alkaloids derived from amino acids
  contain N
• Many drugs!

42

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types 3 main groups
• gt30,000 terpenoids made from isoprene units
• gt12,000 Alkaloids derived from amino acids
  contain N
• Many drugs! Mainly for defense.

43

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types 3 main groups
• gt30,000 terpenoids made from isoprene units
• gt12,000 Alkaloids derived from amino acids
  contain N
• gt8,000 phenolics contain phenol ring

44

• Natural Products
• gt100,000 types 3 main groups
• gt30,000 terpenoids made from isoprene units
• gt12,000 Alkaloids derived from amino acids
  contain N
• gt8,000 phenolics contain phenol ring
• Crucial for moving onto land! Strengthen cell
  wall enough to support wt on land transport
  water

45

• Phenolics
• gt8,000 phenolics contain phenol ring
• Crucial for moving onto land! Strengthen cell
  wall enough to support wt on land transport
  water
• Comprise 40 of organic C in the biosphere (most
  in cell walls)

46

• Phenolics
• gt8,000 phenolics contain phenol ring
• Crucial for moving onto land! Strengthen cell
  wall enough to support wt on land transport
  water
• Comprise 40 of organic C in the biosphere (most
  in cell walls)
• Many serve other functions
• Pigments

47

• Phenolics
• gt8,000 phenolics contain phenol ring
• Crucial for moving onto land! Strengthen cell
  wall enough to support wt on land transport
  water
• Comprise 40 of organic C in the biosphere (most
  in cell walls)
• Many serve other functions
• Pigments
• Signals

48

• Phenolics
• gt8,000 phenolics contain phenol ring
• Crucial for moving onto land! Strengthen cell
  wall enough to support wt on land transport
  water
• Comprise 40 of organic C in the biosphere (most
  in cell walls)
• Many serve other functions
• Pigments
• Signals
• Defense

49

• Phenolics
• gt8,000 phenolics contain phenol ring
• Most are derived from phenypropanoid

50

• Other natural products
• 100 cyanogenic glycosides
• Release cyanide when plant is damaged
• Found in seeds of apricots, cherries, other
  fruits

Laetrile
51
Other natural products gt 100 glucosinolates
contain S and N
52

• Other natural products
• gt 100 glucosinolates contain S and N
• Mainly found in Brassicaceae (crucifers)

53

• Other natural products
• gt 100 glucosinolates contain S and N
• Mainly found in Brassicaceae (crucifers)
• Made from modified amino acids bonded to glucose

54

• Other natural products
• gt 100 glucosinolates contain S and N
• Mainly found in Brassicaceae (crucifers)
• Made from modified amino acids bonded to glucose
• Function in defense

55

• Other natural products
• gt 100 glucosinolates function in defense
• When damaged release
• Isothiocyanates
• nitriles and elemental sulfur
• Thiocyanates
• oxazolidine-thiones
• epithionitriles

56
Other natural products The genus Allium produces
sulfoxides derived from cysteine
57
Other natural products The genus Allium produces
sulfoxides derived from cysteine When plants are
damaged they are converted to pungent volatiles