An Introduction to U.S. Higher Education

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An Introduction to U.S. Higher EducationPast,
Present, and Future
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Topics

• History
• Types of Colleges and Universities
• Governance of Colleges and Universities
• The Future of Higher Education

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HISTORY
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c. 975 Al-Azhar University, Cairo c. 1076
University of Bologna c. 1117 Oxford
University 1170 University of Paris 1209-28
Cambridge University 1385 University of
Heidelberg (first German university) 1636
Harvard University (first American university)
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Harvard, 1828
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• Harvard founded 1636, Puritan
• William and Mary 1693, Anglican
• Yale 1701, Congregational (Puritan)
• Pennsylvania 1740, nonsectarian (Anglican)
• Princeton 1746, nonsectarian (Presbyterian)
• Columbia 1754, Anglican
• Brown 1764, Baptist
• Rutgers 1766, Dutch Reformed
• Dartmouth 1769, Congregational (Puritan)

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Early Public Colleges and Universities

• North Carolina, 1789/1795
• Georgia, 1785/1799
• Vermont, 1791
• Virginia, 1800/1819
• Ohio, 1804
• Michigan, 1817
• Indiana, 1820

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• our liberty can never be safe but in the
  hands of the people themselves, and that, too, of
  the people with a certain degree of instruction.
  This is the business of the state to effect, and
  on a general plan.
  --Thomas Jefferson, 1786
• this institution the University of Virginia
  will be based on the illimitable freedom of the
  human mind. for here we are not afraid to follow
  truth wherever it may lead, nor to tolerate any
  error so long as reason is left free to combat
  it.
  --Thomas Jefferson, 1820

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The Land-Grant College Act(Morrill Act), 1862

• without excluding other scientific and
  classical studies and including military tactic,
  to teach such branches of learning as are related
  to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such
  manner as the legislatures of the States may
  respectively prescribe, in order to promote the
  liberal and practical education of the industrial
  classes in the several pursuits and professions
  in life.

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The Land-Grant College Act(Morrill Act), 1862

• Kansas State University, 1862
• Iowa State University, 1858/1864
• Rutgers University, 1766/1864
• Michigan State University, 1855/1862
• University of California, 1855/1868
• Connecticut, 1881
• Hawaii, 1907
• District of Columbia, 1967 (cash, not land)

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Old Main, Iowa State University, 1864-68
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Black Colleges and Universities

• Reconstruction, 1864-1877
• Fisk University, 1866
• Howard University, 1867
• Alcorn State University, Mississippi, the first
  state-supported higher education institution for
  African Americans, 1871
• 1890 Morrill Act
• Higher Education Act of 1965 110 Historically
  Black Colleges and Universities

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Women and Higher Education

• Separate women's colleges Wesleyan College
  (Georgia), 1836/1839
• Oberlin the first coeducational college, 1837
  Antioch the second, 1852
• 1879 almost 1/2 of all colleges were
  coeducational, especially the new state
  universities created by the Morrill Act

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Curricular Innovations

• Ph.D. (research) degrees Yale the first, 1861
  spread slowly
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1861
• Morrill Act, 1862 Engineering, agriculture,
  military officer training
• Wharton School (Business), 1881
• Teachers College Columbia University among the
  first, 1887/1892
• Majors and electives widespread by late 19th
  century

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From Normal Schools toTeachers Colleges and
Beyond

• Concord, Vermont, 1823 (first private)
• Lexington, Massachusetts, 1839 (first public)
• Michigan State Normal School (now Eastern
  Michigan University), 1853
• Minns Evening Normal School, 1857 (California
  State Normal School, 1862 moved to San José,
  1871 now San José State University)
• Los Angeles branch of the California State Normal
  School, 1881 (now UCLA)
• San Francisco State Normal School, 1899 (now San
  Francisco State University)

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Manual Training Class, San Jose State Normal
School, 1892
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Community Colleges

• First established in Joliet, Illinois, 1901, as
  an extension of the local high school
• Vocational emphasis in 1920s and 1930s
• Also developed as transfer institutions,
  providing the first two years of a baccalaureate
  education
• Rapid growth in 1960s
• Technical training emphasis in 1980s
• Typically practice open admission 42 of
  entering public community college students must
  take remedial courses

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Higher Education Systems

• California (Master Plan, 1960) University of
  California (9), California State University (23),
  California Community Colleges (109)
• Florida State University System (11), Community
  Colleges System (28)
• New York State University of New York, 1948
  (64), City University of New York, 1961 (21)
• Texas Uni. of Texas (15), Texas AM (12), Texas
  State (4), Uni. of Houston (4), Texas Tech (3)

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Types of Colleges and Universities
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Carnegie Classification for Colleges and
Universities

• Research/doctoral universities 285
• Masters degree granting 665
• Baccalaureate degree granting 766
• Associate degree granting 1,705
• Special purpose
  806
• Tribal colleges
  32

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Colleges and Universities by Funding Source

• Public
• Private, non-affiliated
• Private, church-related
• Proprietary

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Examples of Colleges and Universities in the SF
Bay Area
Public Private, non-affil. Private, Church-rel. Proprietary
Research/ Doctoral UC Berkeley Stanford, Golden Gate U. USF
Special Purpose UCSF Menlo Grad. Theo.Union Phoenix, Acad. Art
Masters SF State, CSU EB Mills Santa Clara
Baccalau-reate Cal. Maritime Dominican
Associate CCSF
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Examples of Public Institutions

• UC Berkeley (doctoral/research)
• 23,863 undergrad., 10,070 grad. prof. students
• 108 bacc. degree programs, 64 masters, 96
  doctoral, 32 professional
• undergraduate fees 8,383/yr. for full-time
  enrollment
• SF State (masters/comprehensive)
• 23,843 undergraduates, 5,785 graduate students
• 109 bacc. degree programs, 85 masters, 5 doctoral
• undergraduate fees 3,486/yr. for full-time
  enrollment
• City College of San Francisco (associates)
• 93,877 students, 29,211 credit FTES
• 30 degree or certificate programs
• fees 20 per unit, approx. 600/yr. for
  full-time enrollment

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Largest Undergraduate Degree Programs

• SAN FRANCISCO STATE
• Business Administration  
• Psychology 
• Biology
• English
• Cinema  
• Art  
• Radio Television  
• Engineering   
• Liberal Studies  
• Journalism 

• UC DAVIS
• Psychology
• Biological Sciences
• Economics
• Managerial Economics
• Political Science
• Communications
• Biochem and Molecular Biology
• Sociology
• English
• International Relations

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Community Colleges Programs

• Provide courses for transfer to a
  baccalaureate-granting institution
• Workforce training --
• Police, firefighters, nurses
• Aeronautical and automotive mechanics
• Culinary arts chefs, bakers, etc.
• Medical and dental assistants and technicians
• Machinery maintenance
• Adult education
• Personal enrichment

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Governance of Colleges and Universities

• Accreditation
• Internal Governance

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Accreditation -- self-regulation of academic
quality through accreditation

• Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools
  
• New England Association of Schools and Colleges
• North Central Association of Colleges and Schools
  
• Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities
  
• Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
• Western Association of Schools and Colleges

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WASC

• Accrediting Commission for Senior Colleges and
  Universities (151 institutions in California,
  Hawai'i, and the Pacific)
• Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior
  Colleges (140 institutions)
• Accrediting Commission for Schools (3,800 K-12
  and occupational schools)

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College and University Internal Governance

• Governing Boards
• Administrators
• Academic Senates

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Legal Authority
Governing Board (Directors, Regents, Trustees)
Chief Executive Officer (Chancellor, President)
Chief Academic Officer (Academic
Vice-president/chancellor, Provost)
Other Vice-presidents/chancellors (finance,
administration, development, student services)
Academic Administrators (Associate
Vice-presidents, Deans, Directors)
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University Governance

• Joint Decision-making
• Collegial Decision-making

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Academic Governance in the United States

• 1889 first academic senate in the U.S.
  established at Cornell University
• 1915 American Association of University
  Professors organized to define and protect
  academic freedom
• 1966 Statement on Government of Colleges and
  Universities (AAUP, with recognition by the
  American Council on Education and the Association
  of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges)

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Areas Subject to Joint Decision-Making

• The Curriculum Courses and Degree Programs
• Academic Policies
• General education requirements
• Grading practices and standards
• Academic planning
• Admissions criteria and procedures
• Campus policies that govern the library and
  research facilities
• The academic calendar
• Hiring, Retention, Tenure, and Promotion of
  Faculty Members
• Searches for Administrators
• Budget Planning, Facilities Planning

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Governance at SFSUThe Academic Senate

• 55 members elected by and from the voting members
  of the faculty elected senators serve three-year
  terms
• 42 Senators elected from each College, the
  Library, and Student Services, including at least
  one lecturer from each unit.
• 10 Senators elected at large.
• 3 members of the Academic Senate CSU elected at
  large.
• 10 appointed or ex officio members
• The President of the University.
• The Provost.
• 4 Senators appointed annually by the University
  President.
• 3 Senators chosen by the Associated Students.
• 1 Senator chosen by the staff.

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How Proposals Move Through the Academic Senate
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How Proposals Move Through the Academic Senate
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How Proposals Move Through the Academic Senate
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How Proposals Move Through the Academic Senate
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How Proposals Move Through the Academic Senate
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How Proposals Move Through the Academic Senate
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University Decision-Making

• Often complex, involving several layers of
  decision-making and considerable time
• Bold presidential initiatives may well generate
  strong faculty opposition

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Collective Bargaining and Academic Governance

• Where collective bargaining exists and where
  the faculty have voted to unionize --
• Terms and conditions of employment (salaries,
  benefits) are usually determined through
  collective bargaining
• Criteria and standards for personnel actions are
  usually determined through academic governance
  and
• Curriculum and related academic policies are
  determined through academic governance.

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Other Groups

• Students usually have their own governance
  structure, may have formal responsibility for
  certain fees and facilities, may be represented
  on the governing board
• Alumni -- usually have their own organization,
  may be organized through University Development,
  may be represented on the governing board
• Staff may be unionized, may have their own
  organization

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Does it work?
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I think you should be more explicit here in step
two.
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The Future of Higher Education
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Guessing about the Future of Higher Education

• Continued resource constraints for public
  universities, both research (UC) and
  comprehensive (CSU)
• Increasing reliance on transfers from community
  colleges for first two years of undergraduate
  study
• Increasing emphasis on private fund-raising by
  public universities
• Continuing increases in student fees

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Vielen Dank