Exam 4 Review

1
Exam 4 Review

• Psych 101B
• Spring 2015

2
Todays Review

• Psychological Disorders
• Mood disorders
• Schizophrenia
• Anxiety disorders
• Therapy
• Psychodynamic therapy
• Humanistic therapy
• Social Psychology
• Social influence
• Attraction relationships

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Psychological Disorders

• Syndromes marked by a significant disturbance in
  an individuals cognition, emotion regulation, or
  behavior.
• Medical model disorders are sicknesses with
  physical causes that can be cured through
  hospital treatment.
• Biopsychosocial model disorders reflect both
  genetic predispositions and social influences.

4
DSM-5

• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
  Disorders, 5th Edition provides the diagnostic
  criteria used to classify psychological
  disorders.
• Pros It provides a reliable way to guide medical
  diagnoses and treatment.
• Cons Disorders are described by their symptoms
  instead of causes labels can be subjective.

5
According to lecture, the Rosenhan study
demonstrates that

1. Mental health diagnoses can be subjective and
   context dependent.
2. The DSM is not an accurate tool for diagnosis.
3. Symptoms of mental disorders vary significantly
   across people.
4. Psychologists are more likely to have mental
   disorders.

6
According to lecture, the Rosenhan study
demonstrates that

1. Mental health diagnoses can be subjective and
   context dependent.
2. The DSM is not an accurate tool for diagnosis.
3. Symptoms of mental disorders vary significantly
   across people.
4. Psychologists are more likely to have mental
   disorders.

7
Neurosis is characterized by

1. Anxiety and emotional disturbance.
2. Loss of contact with reality.
3. Distortion of perception thought.
4. Personality distortion.

8
Neurosis is characterized by

1. Anxiety and emotional disturbance.
2. Loss of contact with reality.
3. Distortion of perception thought.
4. Personality distortion.

these describe psychosis instead
9
Whats the primary difference between clinical
psychologists and psychiatrists?

1. Only clinical psychologists can prescribe drugs.
2. Only psychiatrists can prescribe drugs.
3. Only clinical psychologists can help manage
   symptoms.
4. Only psychiatrists can help manage symptoms.

10
Whats the primary difference between clinical
psychologists and psychiatrists?

1. Only clinical psychologists can prescribe drugs.
2. Only psychiatrists can prescribe drugs.
3. Only clinical psychologists can help manage
   symptoms.
4. Only psychiatrists can help manage symptoms.

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Mood Disorders

• Disturbances in a person's mood and emotional
  state. The common cold of psychological
  disorders.
• Unipolar (e.g. major depressive disorder)
  experiencing extreme lows.
• Bipolar (e.g. manic-depressive disorder)
  fluctuating between extreme highs and extreme
  lows.

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Major Depressive Disorder Overview

• Diagnostic criteria
• Depressed mood reduced interest or enjoyment.
• Problems regulating appetite and sleep.
• Feeling listless, worthless, hopeless, no energy.
• Problems thinking, concentrating, making
  decisions.
• Duration
• Two or more weeks (DSM criteria).
• Can last months or years.

13
What is NOT true of major depression?

1. It can sometimes have no eliciting event.
2. It is the primary cause of suicide.
3. People can recover without professional help.
4. Womens rate of suicide fatality is almost double
   mens.

14
What is NOT true of major depression?

1. It can sometimes have no eliciting event.
2. It is the primary cause of suicide.
3. People can recover without professional help.
4. Womens rate of suicide fatality is almost double
   mens.

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Major Depressive DisorderBiological Approach

• The presumed cause of depression is a chemical
  imbalance in the brain - underactive serotonin
  system.
• Implicated neurotransmitters serotonin and
  norepinephrine.
• (NPR story says not that much evidence.)

16
Tricyclics decrease depression by

1. Inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase
2. Partially blocking serotonin and norepinephrine
   reuptake
3. Increasing endorphin production
4. B C

17
Tricyclics decrease depression by

1. Inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase
2. Partially blocking serotonin and norepinephrine
   reuptake
3. Increasing endorphin production
4. B C

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Major Depressive DisorderAntidepressants

• MAO inhibitors (e.g. Nardil) - inhibit the enzyme
  monoamine oxidase from breaking down serotonin
  and norepinephrine.
• Effective in 50 of patients
• Side effects
• 1st generation tricyclics (e.g. Elavil, Endep)
  partially block the re-uptake of serotonin and
  norepinephrine.
• Side effects

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Major Depressive DisorderAntidepressants

• 2nd generation tricyclics (e.g. Prozac, Zoloft,
  Paxil) more specifically block the re-uptake of
  serotonin. Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors
  (SSRIs).
• Effective in 60-80 of patients
• Fewer side effects
• Some caveats
• Antidepressants usually take a month to start
  working
• Dont work for up to 40 of people

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Schizophrenia

• Severe psychotic disorder of thought thought and
  behavior are divorced.
• Diagnostic criteria
• Bizarre delusions
• Paranoia
• Hallucinations
• Disorders of logical thought and speech
• Catatonia or bizarre movements
• Inappropriate emotional response/expression

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Types of Schizophrenia

• Positive symptoms
• Hallucinations (false perceptions)
• Delusions (false beliefs)
• Thought disorders (disorganized thinking and
  speech)
• Negative symptoms
• Flat affect (emotionless)
• Impaired attention
• Poor social adjustment
• Reduction in speech

this type has the worse prognosis
22
SchizophreniaDopamine hypothesis

• Schizophrenia is the result of a hyper-active
  dopamine system in the brain (excess of dopamine
  receptors).
• Antipsychotic drugs reduce dopamine activity in
  the brain by blocking dopamine receptors.
• First generation thorazine
• Side effects depression, bizarre muscle
  behavior (shuffle)
• New generation atypicals (Zyprexa, Risperdal)

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Schizophrenia is

1. Caused by extreme stress combined with poor
   coping skills
2. Outcome of extremely exacerbated depressive and
   anxiety symptoms
3. Caused by genetic predisposition combined with
   environmental stressors
4. Primarily a genetic disorder

24
Schizophrenia is

1. Caused by extreme stress combined with poor
   coping skills
2. Outcome of extremely exacerbated depressive and
   anxiety symptoms
3. Caused by genetic predisposition combined with
   environmental stressors
4. Primarily a genetic disorder

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SchizophreniaGenetic Component

• The incidence rate of schizophrenia in
• The general population 1
• Siblings of schizophrenics 10
• Fraternal twins of schizophrenics 10-15
• Identical twins of schizophrenics 40-50

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SchizophreniaGenetic Component

• Polygenic model schizophrenia is caused by a
  toxic combination of genetic variants.
• Multiple rare variants model schizophrenia is
  caused by a single rare mutation

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Anxiety Disorders

• Characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety
  or maladaptive behaviors to reduce anxiety.
• Excessive apprehension and anxiety (thoughts of
  future threat) or fear (present state of
  heightened physiological arousal).

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

• Characterized by chronic, excessive worry.
• Symptoms
• continuous worrying, fearfulness
• autonomic nervous system arousal tension, heart
  palpitations, trembling, perspiration
• difficulties in concentration
• avoidance of social situations
• The anxiety is free-floating rather than linked
  to a specific thing or event.

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Phobic disorders

• Persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of an
  object, activity, or situation.
• Specific/simple phobia fear of particular
  objects or situations.
• Objects spiders, snakes, clowns, peanut butter
• Situations flying, being buried alive, being in
  closed spaces

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Phobic disorders

• Not all phobias have single, specific triggers
  some are more complex with multiple components.
• Agoraphobia  fear of open spaces, where escape
  might be difficult in case of panic attacks.
• Social phobia/social anxiety disorder fear being
  negatively judged and scrutinized by others.

31
In obsessive-compulsive disorder, an obsession is

1. A complex phobia
2. The idea that everything must be just right
3. Repetitive behavior according to rules and
   rituals
4. A persistent thought, idea, image, or impulse

32
In obsessive-compulsive disorder, an obsession is

1. A complex phobia
2. The idea that everything must be just right
3. Repetitive behavior according to rules and
   rituals
4. A persistent thought, idea, image, or impulse

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder

• Obsessive thought persistent thought, idea,
  image, or impulse.
• Dirt, germs, toxins disaster, death symmetry,
  order
• Compulsive behavior repetitive behavior
  performed according to certain rules/rituals.
• Excessive washing checking doors locks
  repeated rituals
• Becomes a disorder when these thoughts and
  behaviors interfere with everyday living.

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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

• Occurs after being a victim or witness of a
  traumatic incident.
• Symptoms
• recurring/intrusive thoughts, memories,
  nightmares
• social withdrawal
• jumpy anxiety easily startled
• sleep difficulties
• About 5-10 of people develop PTSD after having a
  traumatic experience.

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Prevalence Rates(Regier et al., 1988)

• Disorder - of people exhibiting disorder during
  their lifetimes
• Any disorder 32
• Substance abuse 16 (most common)
• Mood disorders 8 (most deadly)
• Anxiety disorders 13
• Schizophrenia 1 (most severe)

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Therapy

• Psychotherapy treatment involving psychological
  techniques, consisting of interactions between
  the patient and a trained therapist
• Psychodynamic therapy Freud
• Humanistic therapy Rogers (client-centered
  therapy), Perls (Gestalt therapy)
• Biomedical therapy treatment involving
  medications or procedures that act directly on
  the patients physiology

37
Which therapy has the fundamental assumption that
mental disorders reflect anxiety when forbidden
impulses and desires threaten to arise?

1. Humanistic
2. Behavioral
3. Cognitive behavioral
4. Psychodynamic

38
Which therapy has the fundamental assumption that
mental disorders reflect anxiety when forbidden
impulses and desires threaten to arise?

1. Humanistic
2. Behavioral
3. Cognitive behavioral
4. Psychodynamic

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What is a humanistic therapeutic technique?

1. Unconditional positive regard
2. Systematic desensitization
3. Exposure therapy
4. Dream analysis

40
What is a humanistic therapeutic technique?

1. Unconditional positive regard
2. Systematic desensitization
3. Exposure therapy
4. Dream analysis

Behavioral therapy
Psychoanalysis / psychodynamic therapy
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Psychodynamic therapy Freud

• Behavior and feelings are powerfully affected by
  unconscious motives and inner conflicts of the
  mind.
• Goal improving patients self-insight, helping
  patients gain access to unconscious feelings.
• Tools free association transference
  interpretation.

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Humanistic therapy Rogers

• For a person to "grow in self-awareness and
  acceptance, they need an environment of
  genuineness and empathy.
• Goal helping patients grow and accept who they
  are.
• Tools active listening unconditional positive
  regard non-directive counseling.

43
Humanistic therapy Perls

• Self-awareness and personal responsibility is key
  to developing ones full potential.
•  
• Goal helping clients gain awareness of what they
  are experiencing in the here and now.
• Tools meaningful and authentic dialogue role
  play attention to body language.

44
Which statements are psychodynamic and which are
humanistic?

• 1. Conscious thoughts are more important than
  unconscious ones.
• 2. Its important to know the childhood roots of
  your current problems.
• 3. The therapist is the authority on the
  patients inner experiences.

45
Which statements are psychodynamic and which are
humanistic?

• 1. Conscious thoughts are more important than
  unconscious ones. - Humanistic
• 2. Its important to know the childhood roots of
  your current problems. - Psychodynamic
• 3. The therapist is the authority on the
  patients inner experiences. - Psychodynamic

46
Social Psychology

• The study of social influences, social relations
  between people, and the effect of the social
  situation on behavior.

47
What did Milgram conclude from his subway
experiment?

1. Subway commuters are unwilling to give up their
   seats.
2. Social norms are difficult to break.
3. People are likely to obey authority figures.
4. People conform to the opinions of the group.

48
What did Milgram conclude from his subway
experiment?

1. Subway commuters are unwilling to give up their
   seats.
2. Social norms are difficult to break.
3. People are likely to obey authority figures.
4. People conform to the opinions of the group.

49
Social Influence

• Solomon Aschs line study
• Normative social influence
• influence resulting from the ones desire to gain
  approval/avoid disapproval
• Informational social influence influence
  resulting from ones willingness to accept
  others opinions

50
Social psychology World War II

• Tendency for humans to be influenced by their
  social roles (Zimbardos Stanford Prison
  Experiment)
• Tendency for humans to obey authority figures
  (Milgram study)

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Stanford Prison Experiment

• Zimbardo set up a fake prison in a basement.
  College students were randomly assigned to be
  prisoners or guards.
• Study was intended to last for two weeks, but
  discontinued after 6 days.

52
The power of social roles

• Some guards became abusive.
• Some prisoners became obedient. Some were
  rebellious, before breaking down emotionally.
• Zimbardo himself conformed to his role as
  warden.
• Our behavior is strongly influenced by the social
  roles that we find ourselves in.

53
Milgrams shock experiments

• Participants were assigned to be a teacher to
  help a learner help learn word pairs.
• Each time the learner made a mistake, the
  teacher had to deliver an electrical shock,
  increasing the level of shock each time.
• The whole time, a researcher in a labcoat is in
  the room, giving the teacher orders to
  continue.

54
What percentage of participants went all the way
and delivered the highest level of shock?

1. 50
2. 33
3. 65
4. 80

55
What percentage of participants went all the way
and delivered the highest level of shock?

1. 50
2. 33
3. 65
4. 80

56
The power of social influence

• Ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and
  without any particular hostility on their part,
  can become agents in a terrible destructive
  process. Milgram
• Other influencing factors
• Whether the authority figure was perceived as
  legitimate and supported by an institution
• Whether learners were emotionally distanced
• Whether teachers saw someone else rebel first

57
Other things to know

• Hofling hospital study - nurses were ordered by
  doctors to administer a dangerous dose of a
  (fake) drug to their patients. 21 out of the 22
  nurses (95) complied.
• Fundamental attribution error - tendency to
  emphasize internal characteristics to explain
  someone else's behavior, rather than considering
  external situational factors.

58
Attraction

• Proximity the more you see something, the more
  you like it (mere exposure effect).
• Appearance physically attractive people are
  perceived more favorably and average,
  symmetrical faces are seen as more attractive.
• Similarity people like others who share similar
  attitudes, beliefs, interests, demographics.

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Love

• Romantic passionate love an aroused state of
  intense positive absorption in another person (an
  overwhelming emotional state). Usually present at
  the beginning of a relationship.
• Companionate love the affection we feel for
  those with whom our lives are deeply
  interrelated.

60
What is an example of a dyadic factor that causes
relationship conflict?

1. Differences in background
2. Partners interest in someone else
3. Conflicting sexual attitudes
4. AC

61
What is an example of a dyadic factor that causes
relationship conflict?

1. Differences in background
2. Partners interest in someone else
3. Conflicting sexual attitudes
4. AC

Dyadic - involving both people in a
pair Non-dyadic - just involving one
62
Hill, Rubin, Peplau dyadic non-dyadic
reasons relationships end

• Dyadic
• Boredom, differences in interests, differences in
  background, differences in intelligence,
  conflicting sexual attitudes, conflicting
  marriage attitudes.
• Non-dyadic
• Womans desire to be independent, mans desire to
  be independent, womans interest in someone else,
  mans interest in someone else, living too far
  apart, pressure from womans parents, pressure
  from mans parent

63
Which of the following is false

1. Most people in the U.S. have been married.
2. The majority of marriages end in divorce.
3. The average age of people getting married has
   increased.
4. The percentage of adults who are married in the
   U.S. has decreased.

64
Which of the following is false

1. Most people in the U.S. have been married.
2. The majority of marriages end in divorce.
3. The average age of people getting married has
   increased.
4. The percentage of adults who are married in the
   U.S. has decreased.

65
Marriage Stats

• 1986 96 of people have been married.
• 2009 81 of people have been married.
• Rate of marriage is decreasing over time.
• 1986 27 of women were unmarried at age 30.
• 2009 47 of women were unmarried at age 30.
• Median age _at_ first marriage is increasing over
  time.

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Marriage Sources of Conflict

• Reasons for divorce
• Communication problems Unrealistic expectations
  of marriage Lack of demonstrations of affection
  Lack of feelings of love (Osterhout only issue
  that cant be fixed through therapy)
• Risk factors associated with divorce
• Marrying at a younger age Marrying because of
  pregnancy Having divorced parents Marrying too
  quickly Marrying someone very different Having
  many premarital sexual relations Having
  extramarital affairs

67
Final questions?
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Good luck!!!

• Exam is TOMORROW, June 10, at 230PM in Kane 120.