Organism Interactions and Energy Connections

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Organism InteractionsandEnergy Connections
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Energy Connections

• All living things need energy to survive.

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What is energy?

• The energy living things need comes from
  carbon-compounds, or organic compounds.
• Organic compounds molecules that contain a
  carbon atom
• Carbohydrates glucose, starch, cellulose (mostly
  plants)
• Proteins the muscles of animals (steak!)
• Fats in muscle of animal tissues (fatty steak!)

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Food Chains

• A food chain shows the flow of energy between the
  organisms in an environment

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Food Chains

• Notice that the arrow points from the organism
  being eaten to the organism that eats it.
• Like the burger you eat goes into you
• Plants ? Cow (burger) ? Human

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What do the arrows in the food chain below
indicate?

1. Sunlight
2. Energy flow
3. Heat transfer
4. Toxins

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What do the arrows in the food chain below
indicate?

• Energy flow

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Food Webs

• When we put many food chains together in one
  ecosystem, it is called a food web.

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Energy Moves in a Food Web
Other animals get energy from the fat and protein
in other animals
Some animals get energy from plants
Plants make glucose from light
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There are two groups that organisms are divided
into in any ecosystem based upon how they obtain
energy.

• ----------------- use sunlight directly to make
  their own food.

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Producers- use sunlight directly to make their
own food.
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Parts of a Food Web

• Where are the producers in the food web below?

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Two groups of organisms based on energy
consumption.

• Producers- use sunlight directly to make their
  own food.
• ---------------- Organisms that eat producers or
  other organisms for energy.

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Consumers- Organisms that eat producers or other
organisms for energy.
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Two groups of organisms based on energy
consumption.

• Producers- use sunlight directly to make their
  own food.
• Consumers- Organisms that eat producers or other
  organisms for energy.

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Parts of a Food Web

• Where are the consumers in the food web below?

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Consumers are Divided into Five Categories

• ----------------- consumer that eats plants.

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Consumers are Divided into Five Categories

• Herbivore consumer that eats plants.
• ---------------- consumer that eats animals.

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Consumers are Divided into Five Categories

• Herbivore- consumer that eats plants.
• Carnivore- consumer that eats animals.
• ---------------- consumer that eats both plants
  and animals.

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Consumers are Divided into Five Categories

• Herbivore- consumer that eats plants.
• Carnivore- consumer that eats animals.
• Omnivore consumer that eats both plants and
  animals.

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Consumers are Divided into Five Categories

• ------------------ animals that feed on the
  bodies of dead animals.

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Consumers are Divided into Five Categories

• Scavengers- animals that feed on the bodies of
  dead animals.
• ____________ - organisms that get their energy by
  breaking down the remains of dead organisms.

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Consumers are Divided into Five Categories

• Scavengers- animals that feed on the bodies of
  dead animals.
• Decomposers - organisms that get their energy by
  breaking down the remains of dead organisms.

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Decomposers

• Are essential to any ecosystem because they are
  natures recyclers.
• Decomposition

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Two groups of organisms based on energy
consumption.

• Producers- use sunlight directly to make their
  own food.
• Consumers- Organisms that eat producers or other
  organisms for energy.
• Herbivores
• Carnivores
• Omnivores
• Scavengers
• Decomposers

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Energy Pyramids

• Energy Pyramids are diagrams shaped like a
  triangle that shows the loss of energy at each
  level of the food chain.

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Energy Pyramid

• There are typically only 4 trophic levels in an
  energy pyramid
• Producers organisms that convert the suns
  energy into organic compounds
• Primary consumers organisms that eat producers
  to obtain energy compounds
• Secondary consumers organisms that eat primary
  consumers for energy
• Tertiary consumers organisms that eat secondary
  consumers for energy

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Energy Pyramid Labels
Tertiary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
Primary Consumers
Producers
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• Trophic levels represent a feeding step in the
  transfer of energy and matter in an ecosystem.
  Each Trophic Level is the total amount of energy
  and biomass in all organisms at one level in the
  food web.
• Biomass- the amount of organic matter (nutrients)
  comprising a group of organisms in a habitat.

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Energy Pyramids

• Only energy stored in tissues of an organism can
  be transferred to the next level.
• As you move up a food chain, both available
  energy and biomass decrease.
• Energy and biomass are transferred upwards but
  are diminished with each transfer. The higher up
  in the pyramid an organism is, the more they must
  eat to obtain energy.

Less Energy
More Energy
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Energy Flow
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Energy Transfer (percents)

• We can say that the energy transfer from level to
  level is inefficient
• (not a lot of the energy at each level makes it
  up)

0.1
1
10
100
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Energy Transfer (calories)

• This means that there cant be many levels in a
  food web or pyramid
• The amount of energy decreases, and it cannot
  typically support organisms at higher levels than
  tertiary consumer

1 calorie
10 calories
100 calories
1,000 calories
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Why are there a limited number of energy levels
in an energy pyramid or food web?

• Energy transfer is very efficient
• Energy is captured as heat
• Energy transfer is inefficient
• Energy is not transferred in a food web

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Tertiary Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Primary Consumer
Producer
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How is energy stored and transferred in an
ecosystem?

• In light
• In oxygen and carbon dioxide
• In carbon compounds like glucose
• In the process of decomposition

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Which of the following organisms is a primary
consumer in the ecosystem shown?

• Hawk
• Rabbit
• Mountain lion
• Frog

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Population Impacts in a Food Web

• If the population of organisms at any level of
  the food web changes, it will affect the
  population at other levels

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Population Impacts in a Food Web

• If the population of producers decreases, then
  the population of primary consumers will decrease
  if they dont have enough food.

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Population Impacts in a Food Web

• If the population of primary consumers decreases,
  then
• The producers will increase because there are
  less consumers eating them
• The secondary consumers will decrease because
  there is less food for them

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Which organism would be most affected if the
cricket population decreased?

• Snake
• Deer
• Frog
• Hawk

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How does energy enter the food web?
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Better question where does the weight of a
producer come from?

• How does this... become
  this?

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Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis a process that occurs in
  producers and converts light, carbon dioxide, and
  water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen.

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Glucose
Oxygen
Sunlight
Carbon Dioxide
Water
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More Photosynthesis

1. Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the
   air.
2. The carbon dioxide in the air is the building
   block for glucose.
3. The light energy helps bond CO2 and H2O together
   to make glucose.

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The Carbon Cycle
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Carbon Cycle

• Carbon is found throughout the environment
• Carbon is found in the atmosphere and in water as
  carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Carbon is found in organisms as organic
  molecules, like glucose (sugars) and fats
• Carbon is found buried in the ground as fossil
  fuels

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Carbon Cycle

• Carbon is cycled, or moves
• Atmosphere Carbon is in the form of CO2

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CO2
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Carbon Cycle

• 2) Producers Use photosynthesis to make sugars
  from CO2 in the atmosphere (carbon is moved!)

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C6H12O6
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Carbon Cycle

• 3) Consumers Eat organic molecules and release
  CO2 into the atmosphere during respiration, or
  die and go into the soil

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CO2
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Carbon Cycle

• 4) Soil decomposers break down organisms,
  releasing carbon into the atmosphere OR
  trapping it in the ground (fossils)

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Carbon Cycle

• 5) Fossil Fuels carbon from some dead organisms
  are trapped as fossil fuel until we burn it

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Pop Quiz Time Hope you were paying
attention Get out a clean sheet of paper and
number it 1 -10
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1. What do the arrows in the food chain below
indicate?

1. Sunlight
2. Energy flow
3. Heat transfer
4. Toxins

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2. The diagram below represents a a. Food
chain b. Food Web c. Energy Pyramid d. Nutrition
web
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• 3. Which of the following organisms is a primary
  consumer?
• Mouse
• Snake
• Mountain Lion
• Frog

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4. What is the source of energy for all the
organisms below?

1. The Hawk
2. Grass
3. Decomposers
4. Sun

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5. At what level is there the LEAST amount of
available energy?
D
C
B
A
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6. Which organism would be most affected if the
cricket population decreased?

• Snake
• Deer
• Frog
• Hawk

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• 7. How does energy enter a food chain?
• The process of cellular respiration
• B. The process of photosynthesis
• C. Decomposers make the energy
• D. None of the above

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8. Where do plants get Carbon molecules needed
for photosynthesis?

1. From the earth
2. From the atmosphere
3. By breaking down dead organisms
4. From the sun

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9. An iguana that feeds on cabbage, carrots,
crickets, and meal worms as a regular diet would
be considered a

1. Carnivore
2. Herbivore
3. Omnivore
4. Decomposer

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10. What term describes the organism below?

• Scavenger
• Decomposer
• Producer
• Herbivore

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How many food chains?
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Food Chains

• Food chains can be misleading because organisms
  very rarely eat only one other organism.
• Food webs show the many pathways of energy flow.

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• Food chain Food web
• (just 1 path of energy) (all possible energy
  paths)

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Think about our Ecosystem

• What animals and plants are in a food web in our
  ecosystem?

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• Toxins in food chains-
• While energy decreases as it moves up the food
  chain, toxins increase in potency.
• This is called biological magnification

Ex DDT Bald Eagles