Joints

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Joints

• Articulations

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Functions

• Hold the bones together securely
• Give the rigid skeleton mobility

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Joint Classification According to Function

• Synarthroses immovable joints
• Amphiarthroses slightly movable joints
• Diarthroses freely movable joints

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Joint Classification According to Structure

• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial freely movable

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Fibrous Joints

• Generally immovable
• Fibrous tissue
• Skull sutures
• Syndesmoses
• longer than the fibers found in sutures
• more give

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Cartilaginous Joints

• Bone ends connected by cartilage
• Slightly movable (amphiarthrotic)
• Pubic symphysis
• Intervertebral joints
• Immovable (synarthrotic)
• Epiphyseal plates of growing long bones

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Synovial Joints

• Articulating bone ends are separated by a joint
  cavity containing synovial fluid.
• Has four distinguishing features
• Articular cartilage
• Fibrous articular capsule
• Joint cavity
• Reinforcing ligaments

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Synovial Joint Features
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape

• Plane joint
• Hinge joint (uniaxial)
• Pivot joint
• Condyloid joint (biaxial)
• Saddle joint
• Ball-and-socket joint (multiaxial)

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Plane Joint

• Articular surfaces are flat
• Short slipping or sliding movements
• Intercarpal and intertarsal joints

http//www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/GLIDING.JPG
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Hinge Joint

• Cylindrical end of one bone fits into a
  trough-shaped surface on another bone
• Angular movement in one plane

http//sciencefun4all.net/Life_Sci/06Skel_MuscSys/
JournalTopics/5Joints.html
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Pivot Joint

• Rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or
  ring of bone.
• Rotating bone turns around its long axis
• uniaxial

http//ovrt.nist.gov/projects/vrml/h-anim/joint1D.
gif
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Condyloid Joint

• Egg-shaped articular surface of one bone fits
  into an oval concavity in another.
• Side to side back and forth motions

http//ovrt.nist.gov/projects/vrml/h-anim/joint1B.
gif
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Saddle Joint

• Articular surfaces have both convex and concave
  areas.
• Biaxial
• Same motion as condyloid joints

http//www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/SADDLE.JPG
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Ball-and-Socket Joint

• Spherical head fits in a round socket.
• Allow movement in all axis.

http//sciencefun4all.net/Life_Sci/06Skel_MuscSys/
Images/Joints/BALLSOCK.jpg
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Inflammatory Disorders of Joints
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Bursitis

• Inflammation of the bursae
• water on the knee
• Falling on your knee

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Sprain

• Excessive stretching or tearing of ligaments and
  tendons
• Poor blood supply therefore slow healing process

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Arthritis

• Symptoms
• Pain
• Stiffness
• Swelling of the joint
• Chronic Types
• Osteoarthritis (OA)
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• Gouty arthritis (gout)

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Osteoarthritis (OA)

• wear-and-tear arthritis
• Softening, fraying, and breaking down of
  articular cartilage
• Exposed bone thickens (bone spurs)
• Bone spurs protrudes into joint cavity
• irreversible

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Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

• Autoimmune disease bodys immune system attacks
  own tissue
• Unknown trigger maybe viral or bacterial
• Cartilage destroyed forming scar tissue
• Scar tissue fuses (ankylosis) causing deformities

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Rheumatoid Arthritis
http//www.glucosamine-arthritis.org/graphics1/RAH
ands.jpg
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Gouty Arthritis (Gout)

• Uric acid accumulates in the blood
• Needle-shaped crystals in soft tissues in joints
• Great toe
• Genetic

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