Computers: Understanding Technology, 3e

1
Chapter 9
Database and Information Management
2
Presentation Overview

• Database Basics
• Databases and Information Systems
• Database Management System Software
• Types of Databases
• Planning and Designing Database Systems
• Using Databases
• Database Administration

3
Database Basics

• What is a database and how does it organize
  information?

4
Database Basics

• What is a database and how does it organize
  information?
• A database is a computerized system for storing
  information in an organized manner so that it can
  be searched for and retrieved when needed.
  Information is stored in the form of fields,
  records, and files.

5
Database Basics

• Data vs Information

6
Database Basics

• Data vs Information
• Data raw, unorganized content in the form of
  words, numbers, sounds, or images

7
Database Basics

• Data vs Information
• Data raw, unorganized content in the form of
  words, numbers, sounds, or images
• Information data associated with other useful
  data on the same topic

8
Database Basics

• Levels of Data within a Database

9
Database Basics

• Levels of Data within a Database
• Entity a person, place, thing, or event

10
Database Basics

• Levels of Data within a Database
• Entity a person, place, thing, or event
• Field a single value, such as a name, address,
  or dollar amount

• data type usually numeric or text (numbers and
  text)
• name assigned by person developing the database
• size number of characters that can be entered

11
Database Basics

• Levels of Data within a Database
• Entity a person, place, thing, or event
• Field a single value, such as a name, address,
  or dollar amount

• data type usually numeric or text (numbers and
  text)
• name assigned by person developing the database
• size number of characters that can be entered

• Record related fields describing an event or
  situation

12
Database Basics

• Levels of Data within a Database
• Entity a person, place, thing, or event
• Field a single value, such as a name, address,
  or dollar amount

• data type usually numeric or text (numbers and
  text)
• name assigned by person developing the database
• size number of characters that can be entered

• Record related fields describing an event or
  situation
• File collection of records of the same type

13
Database Basics

• Traditional database organizes data in a
  hierarchy. A field is the smallest element.
  Fields are within a record. Records are organized
  in a data file. Database is a collection of data
  files.

14
Database Basics

• Common field data types

15
Databases and Information Systems

• Management Information Systems (MIS)

16
Databases and Information Systems

• Management Information Systems (MIS)
• used to track and control every transaction
  through a database

17
Databases and Information Systems

• Management Information Systems (MIS)
• used to track and control every transaction
  through a database
• transaction any business activity central to
  the nature of the enterprise

18
Databases and Information Systems

• Office Information Systems

19
Databases and Information Systems

• Office Information Systems
• designed as replacement for paper-based
  information systems

20
Databases and Information Systems

• Office Information Systems
• designed as replacement for paper-based
  information systems
• gives quick access to office paperwork

21
Databases and Information Systems

• Decision Support Systems

22
Databases and Information Systems

• Decision Support Systems
• designed to help management make decisions about
  an operation

23
Databases and Information Systems

• Decision Support Systems
• designed to help management make decisions about
  an operation
• allows managers to work with what if scenarios

24
Databases and Information Systems

• Factory Automation Systems

25
Databases and Information Systems

• Factory Automation Systems
• runs an assembly line directly, controlling
  manufacturing processes from shop-floor level of
  conveyor belts and robots

26
Databases and Information Systems

• Factory Automation Systems
• runs an assembly line directly, controlling
  manufacturing processes from shop-floor level of
  conveyor belts and robots
• may be part of complete CIM system that controls
  manufacturing process from beginning to end

27
Database Management System Software

• Database Keys

28
Database Management System Software

• Database Keys

• Key attribute used to identify and provide a
  means to search database

29
Database Management System Software

• Database Keys

• Key attribute used to identify and provide a
  means to search database
• Primary key most important key in a field

30
Database Management System Software

• Database Keys

• Key attribute used to identify and provide a
  means to search database
• Primary key most important key in a field
• Data browsing process of moving through a
  database file, examining each record and looking
  for information

31
Database Management System Software

• Query Tools

32
Database Management System Software

• Query Tools

• Query tools help users narrow down information
  needed to be searched.

33
Database Management System Software

• Query Tools

• Query tools help users narrow down information
  needed to be searched.
• A query allows users to ask questions designed to
  retrieve information.

34
Database Management System Software

• Query Tools

• Query tools help users narrow down information
  needed to be searched.
• A query allows users to ask questions designed to
  retrieve information.
• A select command asks a database to return
  records that match specific criteria.

35
Database Management System Software

• Query Tools

• Query tools help users narrow down information
  needed to be searched.
• A query allows users to ask questions designed to
  retrieve information.
• A select command asks a database to return
  records that match specific criteria.
• Joining matches data from fields in various files.

36
Database Management System Software

• Structured Query Language (SQL)

• This SQL statement could search for top students
  in a college, with top defined as those
  students with a grade point average (GPA) above
  3.49.

37
Database Management System Software

• Joining matches data from fields in various
  record files. Both Student Personal Records and
  Student Grade Records files would have a common
  Student ID number field, allowing information
  from both files to be returned in a single query.

38
Database Management System Software

• Metadata and the Data Dictionary

39
Database Management System Software

• Metadata and the Data Dictionary

• Metadata information about data describes
  significance of various elements of a database

40
Database Management System Software

• Metadata and the Data Dictionary

• Metadata information about data describes
  significance of various elements of a database
• Data dictionary a body of metadata

41
Types of Databases

• Flat File Databases

42
Types of Databases

• Flat File Databases

• database contains only one table or file

43
Types of Databases

• Flat File Databases

• database contains only one table or file
• simple and easy to use

44
Types of Databases

• Flat File Databases

• database contains only one table or file
• simple and easy to use
• slower to respond because records must be
  searched sequentially

45
Types of Databases

• Flat File Databases

• database contains only one table or file
• simple and easy to use
• slower to respond because records must be
  searched sequentially
• generally consume more disk space

46
Types of Databases

• Relational Databases

47
Types of Databases

• Relational Databases

• Fields can be shared among all files in the
  database, making it possible to connect them.

48
Types of Databases

• Relational Databases

• Fields can be shared among all files in the
  database, making it possible to connect them.
• A file is called a table (consists of rows and
  columns).

49
Types of Databases

• Relational Databases

• Fields can be shared among all files in the
  database, making it possible to connect them.
• A file is called a table (consists of rows and
  columns).
• A record is called a tuple.

50
Types of Databases

• Relational Databases

• Fields can be shared among all files in the
  database, making it possible to connect them.
• A file is called a table (consists of rows and
  columns).
• A record is called a tuple.
• A field is called an attribute.

51
Types of Databases

• Object-Oriented Databases

52
Types of Databases

• Object-Oriented Databases

• stores data in the form of objects (units of
  object-oriented programming logic)

53
Types of Databases

• Object-Oriented Databases

• stores data in the form of objects (units of
  object-oriented programming logic)
• object contains data related to the object and
  the actions to be performed on the object

54
Types of Databases

• Object-Oriented Databases

• stores data in the form of objects (units of
  object-oriented programming logic)
• object contains data related to the object and
  the actions to be performed on the object
• speeds up database functions and makes database
  development easier

55
Types of Databases

• Multimedia Databases

• allows storage of pictures, movies, sounds, and
  hyperlinked fields

56
Types of Databases

• Multimedia Databases

• allows storage of pictures, movies, sounds, and
  hyperlinked fields
• Hybrid Databases
• several different models combined to allow more
  effective data handling

57
Types of Databases

• Operational Databases

58
Types of Databases

• Operational Databases

• operational database tracks an operation or
  situation, such as the inventory of a store

59
Types of Databases

• Operational Databases

• operational database tracks an operation or
  situation, such as the inventory of a store
• distributed database is spread across multiple
  networked computers each computer shares a
  portion of the data can hold more information
  is cheaper is easier to use

60
Types of Databases

• Data Warehouses

61
Types of Databases

• Data Warehouses

• used to store data gathered from one or more
  databases

62
Types of Databases

• Data Warehouses

• used to store data gathered from one or more
  databases
• does not change, delete, or manipulate data they
  store

63
Planning and Designing Database Systems

• How are databases designed?

64
Planning and Designing Database Systems

• How are databases designed?

• System analysts or database designers follow
  three steps to plan a database
• 1. Create an organizational structure for the
  data.
• 2. Design an interface that makes the database
  user- friendly.
• 3. Set up reporting capabilities to allow for
  inquiry and response.

65
Planning and Designing Database Systems

• User requests and enters data through the
  front-end interface program. The database
  management
• system manages
• the retrieval
• and update of
• the database
• itself.

66
Planning and Designing Database Systems

• Database Objects Tools in the DBMS

67
Planning and Designing Database Systems

• Database Objects Tools in the DBMS

• form template that allows users to enter data
  into the database

68
Planning and Designing Database Systems

• Database Objects Tools in the DBMS

• form template that allows users to enter data
  into the database
• report formatted body of output from a database

69
Planning and Designing Database Systems

• Database Objects Tools in the DBMS

• form template that allows users to enter data
  into the database
• report formatted body of output from a database
• data filter filtering material in a database to
  restrict a database search

70
Using Databases

• What are the types of data processing?

71
Using Databases

• What are the types of data processing?

• Batch processing occurs at a scheduled time or
  when a critical point has been reached

72
Using Databases

• What are the types of data processing?

• Batch processing occurs at a scheduled time or
  when a critical point has been reached
• Transactional processing more continuous
• real time system data must be accurate to
  the second
• online transactional processing very fast,
  always-on processing

73
Using Databases

• What are the types of data processing?

• Batch processing occurs at a scheduled time or
  when a critical point has been reached
• Transactional processing more continuous
• real time system data must be accurate to
  the second
• online transactional processing very fast,
  always-on processing
• Mixed forms of processing transactional and
  batch processing in the same system

74
Using Databases

• Database Users

75
Using Databases

• Database Users

• Data entry operators type data into databases and
  make sure that it is accurate. They
• add records

76
Using Databases

• Database Users

• Data entry operators type data into databases and
  make sure that it is accurate. They
• add records
• modify records

77
Using Databases

• Database Users

• Data entry operators type data into databases and
  make sure that it is accurate. They
• add records
• modify records
• delete records

78
Using Databases

• Database Users

• Data entry operators type data into databases and
  make sure that it is accurate. They
• add records
• modify records
• delete records
• sort records

79
Database Administration

• Database Administrator

80
Database Administration

• Database Administrator

• is responsible for maintaining and updating the
  database and the DBMS software

81
Database Administration

• Database Administrator

• is responsible for maintaining and updating the
  database and the DBMS software
• is responsible for preventing computer downtime

82
Database Administration

• Data Loss or Corruption

83
Database Administration

• Data Loss or Corruption

• Data corruption occurs when data is unreadable,
  incomplete, or damaged.

84
Database Administration

• Data Loss or Corruption

• Data corruption occurs when data is unreadable,
  incomplete, or damaged.
• Backing up data is a major method for recovering
  lost or corrupted data.

85
Database Administration

• Backup and Recovery Operations

86
Database Administration

• Backup and Recovery Operations

• tape backups commonly used because they are cheap
  and easy to store

87
Database Administration

• Backup and Recovery Operations

• tape backups commonly used because they are cheap
  and easy to store
• backups must be stored separately from original
  material to lessen accidental data loss

88
Database Administration

• Database response time is the lag time between a
  user issuing a command and the database system
  taking action.

89
Database Administration

• Record Locking

90
Database Administration

• Record Locking

• occurs when users attempt to edit existing
  records in a multi-user system

91
Database Administration

• Record Locking

• occurs when users attempt to edit existing
  records in a multi-user system
• allows only one user at a time to edit or delete
  a record

92
Database Administration

• Data Integrity

93
Database Administration

• Data Integrity

• data integrity the accuracy of information
  provided to database users

94
Database Administration

• Data Integrity

• data integrity the accuracy of information
  provided to database users
• redundancy duplication of data in several
  fields an enemy of data integrity

95
Database Administration

• Data Integrity

• data integrity the accuracy of information
  provided to database users
• redundancy duplication of data in several
  fields an enemy of data integrity
• normalization prevents duplicate data storage
  and reduces chance that some data will not be
  updated when changes are made

96
Database Administration

• Data Validation

97
Database Administration

• Data Validation

• range check allows only range of numbers to be
  entered

98
Database Administration

• Data Validation

• range check allows only range of numbers to be
  entered
• alphanumeric check allows only letters of
  alphabet and digits to be entered

99
Database Administration

• Data Validation

• range check allows only range of numbers to be
  entered
• alphanumeric check allows only letters of
  alphabet and digits to be entered
• consistency check checks against previously
  entered data that has been validated

100
Database Administration

• Data Validation

• range check allows only range of numbers to be
  entered
• alphanumeric check allows only letters of
  alphabet and digits to be entered
• consistency check checks against previously
  entered data that has been validated
• completeness check ensures every field filled
  out

101
On the Horizon

• Based on the information presented in this
  chapter and your own experience, what do you
  think is on the horizon?