Asexual Reproduction

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Asexual Reproduction

• Living Environment

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Cut it half

• Binary Fission simplest form of asexual
  reproduction. Parent organism divides into two
• approximately equal parts. Each daughter cell
  becomes a new individual.

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Binary Fission
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Bacteria

• Bacteria
• No organized nucleus.
• Genetic material in the form a single circular
  chromosome.
• Before division starts chromosome is replicated
  then each daughter cell gets one copy of the
  chromosome.
• Can occur every 20-min.

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Protozoan

• Protozoa Mitosis occurs. Cytoplasm
• pinches in and divides the organism in half.
  Each half has a copy of the genetic material.
  Diagram.

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They Where best buds

• Budding Parent organism divides into two
  unequal parts.
• The new organism is created as a smaller out
  growth or bud on the outside of the parent.
• Buds will brake off and live independently or
  remain attached and form a colony.

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Budding
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• Yeast Once the yeast cell reaches a certain
  size it undergoes mitosis.
• Once the genetic material is replicated budding
  begins.
• Hydra Cells on the outside of the parent hydra
  begin to undergo mitotic division creating a
  small group of cells. Those cells continue to
  divide until in a completely new hydra is formed.
  Can also reproduce sexually.

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• Yeast cell cycle including budding
• http//brodylab.eng.uci.edu/cgi-bin/jpbrody/animat
  ion/files/13-977277560.html

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Can I have some spore?

• Spore Formation spores small specialized
  cells that contain a nucleus and cytoplasm
  surrounded by a thick outside wall which protects
  the spore. Under the right conditions the spore
  can rise to a new organism. Found in bacteria,
  molds, yeast, mushrooms, mosses, ferns and some
  protozoans.

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Spore formation
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Dont try this at home

• Regeneration The ability to re-grow lost or
  damaged body parts. Hydra, planaria, starfish,
  and earthworm More complex animals less able to
  re-grow parts. Crab can re-grow a claw. Some
  reptiles can re-grow a tail. Most mammals can
  repair damaged tissue but can not re-grow missing
  parts.

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Regeneration
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• Vegetative Reproduction

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• Bulb Short underground stem surrounded by thick
  leaves. Contain stored food. As the plant grows
  it produces new bulbs which will grow into new
  plants. Tulips, onions, and lilies.

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• Corms Similar to bulbs but do not contain
  leaves, just underground stems. Water chestnuts.

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• Tuber enlarged part of an underground stem that
  contains stored food. Potatoes are tubers.
  Eyes tiny buds that can form a new potato
  plant. How you plant potatoes. Great potato
  famine.

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• Runner or stolen horizontal stem above the
  ground with buds. If a bud touches the ground it
  will form roots and stems and start a new plant.
  Strawberries.

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• Rhizome horizontal stem that grows underground.
  Thick and contains stored food. Upper portion
  form nodes which will form buds which will form
  new plants. Lower portion forms roots. Ferns,
  cattails, and water lilies.

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Artificial Vegetative Reproduction
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Watch out for those old ladies.

• Cutting use a portion of a developed plant to
  make a new plant. Roses, ivy, and grapevines are
  reproduced in this way.

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• Layering a stem is bent so that it is covered
  with soil. Once the branch forms roots it is
  disconnected from the original plant.
  Raspberries and roses.

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• Grafting Bud or stem of one plant is
  permanently attached to the stem or trunk of a
  very similar plant. The cambium layers grow
  together and form a single plant. Apple trees.

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Thats a strange cacti
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Why Bother??

• Advantages to artificial vegetative propagation
• 1. Plants that grow from seed are not always
  exactly the same as their parents.
• 2. Takes less time to artificially propagate.
• 3. Can create seedless fruits.
• 4. Grafting can be used to generate higher
  levels of fruit and nut production.

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Websites

• Yeast cell cycle including budding
• http//brodylab.eng.uci.edu/cgi-bin/jpbrody/animat
  ion/files/13-977277560.html
• Mitosis animation
• http//brodylab.eng.uci.edu/cgi-bin/jpbrody/animat
  ion/files/6-973887139.html