RADIATION PROTECTION

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RADIATION PROTECTION

• Abdul-Wali M.S. Ajlouni
• Applied Physics Department
• Tafila Technical university,
• Tafila, Jordan
• INTRNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND
  EDUCATION
• 17-19, MARCH 2009
• CAIRO UNIVERSITY - EGYPT

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Jordan
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Safety Questions

• What do rules have to do?
• How can you do?
• Why are requirements so different?

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The Primary Aim

• To provide appropriate standards of protection
  and safety for people without unduly limiting the
  benefits of practices giving rise to exposure.

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3 Principles

• Justification
• net benefitbenefit-risk
• Optimization ALARA
• As Low As Reasonably Achievable
• Dose Limitation

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Objectives

• prevent the occurrence of deterministic effects
• ensure that all reasonable steps are taken to
  reduce the occurrence of stochastic effects

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Means to Reduce Exposure

• Facility and equipment design
• Reducing the time spent in radiation areas
• Reducing the number of workers necessary
• Reducing dose rates
• Specialized training

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Dose Limits

• Occupational exposure
• 20 mSv/a averaged over five consecutive years
  50 mSv in a single year
• Public exposure
• 1 mSv/a 5 mSv in a single year provided that
  the average dose over five consecutive years does

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Program

• Protection and safety program in place, and
  supported and signed by the licensee
• Definition of functions and responsibilities
• Provisions to ensure that these responsibilities
  are understood by the persons concerned
• Provisions to ensure that only qualified and
  accredited staff assumes the responsibilities for
  using radiation
• Program in place for education and training, and
  continuing professional development

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Radiation

• (Nuclear) Energy released from the atomic
  nucleus.
• E  mc²

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Nuclear Radiation
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Electromagnetic Radiation

• Heat waves Radiowaves
• Infrared light Visible light
• Ultraviolet light X rays Gamma rays

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Nuclear Energy is Released as

• Radiation Radioactive Decay,
• Fission, and
• Fusion.

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Radiation Types
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Ionization Excitation
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Radiation Penetration
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Uses of Radiation Sources

• Medicine
• Industry
• Research
• Education
• Sealed sources with the radioactive materials
  firmly contained or bound within a suitable
  capsule or housing.
• Unsealed sources, may lead to contamination of
  the environment and the intake of radioactive
  materials into the human body.

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Uses Applications
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Nuclear Fission
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Nuclear Fission

• Enormous energy release,
• Neutrons
• Fission products

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Released Energy

• Fission of one U atom32010-13 J.
• Fission of 1Kg U23106 kwh.
• 23106 kwh produced from
• 3106 kg (3000 ton) of coal, or
• 2.5106 Kg of oil (12000 barrel)

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Nuclear Reactor
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Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station
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Neutrons

• Transmutation
• Neutron activation analysis

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Critical Problems with NP

• Cost
• Safety
• Waste
• Proliferation

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NP support

• emission of carbon dioxide
• stable costs
• Availability of U

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Fission products

• Nuclear wastes
• Nuclear weapons
• Reactor release ordinary,
• Accidents

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Chernobyl
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Reactor releases

• Health consequences
• FP Behavior within Terrestrial Ecosystems
• FP Behavior within and Water Ecosystems

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Nuclear Weapons

• 20-30 of the cases from primary burns,
• 50-60 from mechanical injuries, secondary burns,
  
• and,
• 15 from the radiation injuries.

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Conclusion

• Nuclear (radiation) industry is highly safe.
• Extended applications
• Growth in global energy demand
• Oil and gas resources limitations
• Oil price rising (price instability)
• Increase use of electricity
• The global warming due to fossil fuel
• Availability of nuclear fuel
• UTILIZING NUCLEAR INDUSTRY IS OUR DESTINATION.

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• THANK YOU