Operating Systems

1
Operating Systems

• Terms and Definitions

2
Chapter Objectives

• After completing these slides you will
• You will have a better understanding of the role
  of the operating system.
• You will have some familiarity with two of the
  most popular operating systems Windows and Unix.

3
What is the Operating System

• A program that acts as an intermediary between a
  user of a computer and the computer hardware.
• Operating system goals
• Execute user programs and make solving user
  problems easier.
• Make the computer system convenient to use.
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

4
Computer System Structure

• Computer system can be divided into four
  components
• Hardware provides basic computing resources
• CPU, memory, I/O devices
• Operating system
• Controls and coordinates use of hardware among
  various applications and users
• Application programs define the ways in which
  the system resources are used to solve the
  computing problems of the users
• Word processors, compilers, web browsers,
  database systems, video games
• Users
• People, machines, other computers

5
Components of the Computer System
6
Operating System Structure

• The operating system is divided into a number of
  layers (levels), each built on top of lower
  layers. The bottom layer (layer 0), is the
  hardware the highest (layer N) is the user
  interface.
• With modularity, layers are selected such that
  each uses functions (operations) and services of
  only lower-level layers

7
Operating System Modules

• Most modern operating systems implement kernel
  modules
• Uses object-oriented approach
• Each core component is separate
• Each talks to the others over known interfaces
• Each is loadable as needed within the kernel
• Overall, similar to layers but with more
  flexibility

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Layered Operating System
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Functions of the Operating System

• Process Management
• Memory Management
• Storage Management
• I/O Subsystem
• Protection and Security
• Resource Allocation
• Accounting

10
Examples of Operating Systems

• MS-DOS
• Windows XP
• Unix
• Mac OS X

11
MS-DOS

• MS-DOS written to provide the most
  functionality in the least space
• Not divided into modules
• Although MS-DOS has some structure, its
  interfaces and levels of functionality are not
  well separated

12
Structure of MS-DOS
13
Unix

• UNIX The UNIX OS consists of two separable
  parts
• Systems programs
• The kernel
• Consists of everything below the system-call
  interface and above the physical hardware
• Provides the file system, CPU scheduling, memory
  management, and other operating-system functions
  a large number of functions for one level

14
Structure of Unix
15
Mac OS X
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Process Management

• An operating system executes a variety of
  programs
• Batch system jobs
• Time-shared systems user programs or tasks
• Process a program in execution process
  execution must progress in sequential fashion
• A process includes
• program counter
• stack
• data section

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Process Control Block (PCB)

• Information associated with each process
• Process state
• Program counter
• CPU registers
• CPU scheduling information
• Memory-management information
• Accounting information
• I/O status information

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Process Control Block (PCB)
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Context Switch

• When CPU switches to another process, the system
  must save the state of the old process and load
  the saved state for the new process
• Context-switch time is overhead the system does
  no useful work while switching
• Time dependent on hardware support

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CPU Switch from Process to Process
21
CPU Scheduling

• Selects from among the processes in memory that
  are ready to execute, and allocates the CPU to
  one of them according to the following scheduling
  criteria
• CPU utilization keep the CPU as busy as
  possible
• Throughput of processes that complete their
  execution per time unit
• Turnaround time amount of time to execute a
  particular process
• Waiting time amount of time a process has been
  waiting to be run
• Response time amount of time it takes from when
  a request was submitted until the first response
  is produced

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Scheduling Algorithms

• Shortest-Job-First (SJF) schedule the process
  that will take the shortest amount of time
• Priority Scheduling assign a priority with each
  process and schedule the one with the highest
  priority
• Round Robin Scheduling give each process in
  turn a fixed amount of CPU time

23
Storage Structure

• Main memory only large storage media that the
  CPU can access directly.
• Secondary storage extension of main memory that
  provides large nonvolatile storage capacity.
• Magnetic disks rigid metal or glass platters
  covered with magnetic recording material
• Storage systems organized in hierarchy.
• Speed
• Cost
• Volatility

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Storage-Device Hierarchy
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Memory Management

• Transfer data to memory during processing
• Transfer all instructions to memory in order to
  execute
• Memory management activities
• Keeping track of which parts of memory are
  currently being used and by whom
• Deciding which processes (or parts thereof) and
  data to move into and out of memory
• Allocating and de-allocating memory space as
  needed

26
Storage Management

• OS provides uniform, logical view of information
  storage
• Abstracts physical properties to logical storage
  unit - file
• Each medium is controlled by device (i.e., disk
  drive, tape drive)
• Varying properties include access speed,
  capacity, data-transfer rate, access method
  (sequential or random)
• File-System management
• Files usually organized into directories
• Access control on most systems to determine who
  can access what
• OS activities include
• Creating and deleting files and directories
• Primitives to manipulate files and dirs
• Mapping files onto secondary storage
• Backup files onto stable (non-volatile) storage
  media

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File Protection

• File owner/creator should be able to control
• what can be done
• by whom
• Types of access read, write , execute
• Three classes of users
• RWX
• a) owner access 7 ? 1 1 1
• b) group access 6 ? 1 1 0
• c) public access 1 ? 0 0 1

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Windows XP Access Control
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Mass-Storage Management

• Usually disks used to store data that does not
  fit in main memory or data that must be kept for
  a long period of time.
• Proper management is of central importance
• Entire speed of computer operation hinges on disk
  subsystem and its algorithms
• OS activities
• Free-space management
• Storage allocation
• Disk scheduling
• Some storage need not be fast
• Tertiary storage includes optical storage,
  magnetic tape
• Still must be managed
• Varies between WORM (write-once, read-many-times)
  and RW (read-write)

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I/O Subsystem Management

• One purpose of OS is to hide peculiarities of
  hardware devices from the user
• I/O subsystem responsible for
• Memory management of I/O including buffering
  (storing data temporarily while it is being
  transferred), caching (storing parts of data in
  faster storage for performance), spooling (the
  overlapping of output of one job with input of
  other jobs)
• General device-driver interface
• Drivers for specific hardware devices

31
MS-DOS and Windows

• Earlier versions of Windows (95 and 98) were
  built on top of MS-DOS. DOS commands are still
  available to the user.
• The command window can be accessed by typing
  cmd in the Run bar.
• To get a list of DOS commands type help.

32
Windows Registry

• Registry A central Windows database file that
  holds hardware and software configuration
  information.
• User Profile - All settings associated with a
  specific user, including desktop settings,
  network configurations, and application that the
  user has access to. It is part of the registry.
• There are five registry sub-trees found in
  Windows by default
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
• HKEY_USERS
• HKEY_CURRENT_USER
• HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT

33
Editing the Windows Registry

• Before making any changes to the registry, it is
  always a good idea to make a backup copy of the
  registry before changes.
• REGEDIT - A Windows utility used to modify and
  back up the registry. The five major sub-trees
  are displayed one window.
• REGEDT32 The sub-trees are displayed in
  individual windows

34
Basic Unix Commands

• man command info on how to use a certain
  command
• ls list files in a directory
• cd directory change to a specified directory
• pwd print working directory
• mkdir name create a directory with name
• cp old new copy the old file into a new one
• rm name remove file name
• mv old new rename old with new
• passwd change password
• chmod 644 name change file permissions on name