Hospital Procedures

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Hospital Procedures
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Spay/Neuter

• Neuter Orchiectomy (castration)
• Removal of the testes

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Spay/Neuter

• Spay Ovariohysterectomy
• Removal of the ovaries and the entire uterus
• spayed not spade or spaded.

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Spay/Neuter

• In the past, was done when the animal reached six
  months of age.
• Today the operation can be performed as early as
  six weeks.

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Spay/Neuter

• The Excuses
• 1. Its cruel to spay or neuter.

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Spay/Neuter

• The Excuses
• 2. My pet will become fat and lazy.

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Spay/Neuter

• The Excuses
• 3. It costs too much money.

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Spay/Neuter

• The Excuses
• 4. I have a male.

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Spay/Neuter

• The Excuses
• 5. Its better for her to have one litter.

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Spay/Neuter

• The Excuses
• 6. I have a purebred animal.

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Spay/Neuter

• The Excuses
• 7. I want my children to witness the miracle of
  birth.

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Spay/Neuter

• The Excuses
• 8. I will sell the puppies/kittens and make money.

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Spay/Neuter

• The Excuses
• 9. My pets personality will change.

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Spay/Neuter

• The Excuses
• 10. I am concerned about my pet undergoing
  anesthesia.

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Spay/Neuter

• The Truth
• 1. Spaying and neutering contributes to a longer
  and healthier life.

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Spay/Neuter

• The Truth
• 2. Spaying and neutering prevents overpopulation.

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Spay/Neuter

• The Truth
• 3. An altered pet is better for your family.

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Spay/Neuter

• The Truth
• 4. An altered pet is cleaner no spraying or
  bleeding.

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Spay/Neuter

• The Truth
• 5. Spaying and neutering may prevent pets from
  roaming and getting into fights.

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Bandaging

• Bandaging methods are designed for specific areas
  of the body or specific purposes.

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Bandaging

• The two areas most commonly bandaged are the
  abdomen and the legs.

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Abdominal Bandage

• commonly called the bellyband.

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Abdominal Bandage

• used after abdominal surgery to prevent the
  animal from licking the incision and to keep it
  clean.

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Abdominal Bandage

• also used if an injury has occurred in the
  abdominal area to
• 1) control fluid leakage

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Abdominal Bandage

• also used if an injury has occurred in the
  abdominal area to
• 2) keep medication on the wound

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Abdominal Bandage

• also used if an injury has occurred in the
  abdominal area to
• 3) keep the wound as sterile as possible

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Abdominal Bandage

• The bellyband consists of four layers
• 1) a sterile non-stick pad
• 2) a layer of absorbent cotton
• 3) a layer of gauze
• 4) a final layer of adhesive bandage

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Abdominal Bandage

• The main goal when applying a bellyband is to
  keep it snug and smooth so that it is comfortable
  and less likely to slip loose.

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Abdominal Bandage

• It is important not to apply it too tightly since
  this will cause patient discomfort.

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Abdominal Bandage

• To apply a bellyband
• 1) Start at the front of the abdomen and wrap
  towards the back overlapping the edges of the
  bandage.

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Abdominal Bandage

• To apply a bellyband
• 2) When you reach the back, wrap the bandage
  towards the front, continuing to overlap the
  edges.

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Abdominal Bandage

• To apply a bellyband
• Each layer should be wrapped front and back at
  least one time.

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Leg Bandages

• generally applied for the purpose of
• covering an open wound

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Leg Bandages

• generally applied for the purpose of
• 2) lending support to the leg

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Leg Bandages

• generally applied for the purpose of
• 3) securing a catheter

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Leg Bandages

• usually have four layers for wounds or catheters
  
• a non-stick pad

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Leg Bandages

• usually have four layers for wounds or catheters
  
• 2) absorbent cotton

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Leg Bandages

• usually have four layers for wounds or catheters
  
• 3) gauze

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Leg Bandages

• usually have four layers for wounds or catheters
  
• 4) adhesive bandage

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Leg Bandages

• Support leg bandages are mostly used on horses.

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Support Leg Bandages

• consist of a cotton or quilt layer and an elastic
  bandage

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Support Leg Bandages

• Whenever a bandage is applied to a horses leg it
  should be started on the outside of the leg and
  wrapped towards to back of the leg.

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Support Leg Bandages

• will support the tendons and ligaments of the leg

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Vaccinations

• an important part of every animals health care
  program

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Vaccinations

• a large part of all veterinary practices

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Vaccinations

• lessen the chance that an animal will contract a
  disease

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Vaccinations

• When and how often an animal is vaccinated will
  vary from vet to vet and their location within
  the country.

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Causes of Disease

• Diseases are divided into two categories,
  infectious and non-infectious.

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Causes of Disease

• Infectious diseases can be passed from animal to
  animal or from animal to human.

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Causes of Disease

• Diseases that are passed from animal to human are
  called zoonotic.

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Causes of Disease

• Non-infectious diseases cannot be passed from one
  animal to another or to humans.

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Infectious Diseases

• caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae,
  helminthes, protozoa, and arthropods

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Infectious Diseases

• disease-causing agents can enter an animal
  through the skin, mouth, mucous membranes, lungs,
  or reproductive tract.

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Infectious Diseases

• can also be spread by either direct or indirect
  means.

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Infectious Diseases

• Direct transmission
• occurs by skin contact, ingestion of an infected
  animal, inhalation, and sexual/reproductive
  contact

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Infectious Diseases

• Indirect transmission
• uses vectors, vehicles, and fomites

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Infectious Diseases

• Vectors
• mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, flies

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Infectious Diseases

• Vehicles
• equipment (brushes, buckets)
• instruments (needles, scissors)
• utensils

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Infectious Diseases

• Fomites
• water, air, soil, food

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Non-infectious Diseases

• caused by
• dysfunctions of one or more body systems

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Non-infectious Diseases

• caused by
• nutritional deficiencies

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Non-infectious Diseases

• caused by
• poisoning

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Non-infectious Diseases

• caused by
• physical injuries

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Non-infectious Diseases

• caused by
• stress

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Non-infectious Diseases

• caused by
• stress

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Non-infectious Diseases

• Genetics and environment are also factors

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Immunity

• a function of the lymph system and protects the
  body from infection, disease and foreign bodies

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Immunity System

• produces antibodies
• specialized proteins designed to fight antigens

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Immunity System

• Antigens
• any foreign substances that induce an immune
  response.

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Immunity

• can be established through passive or active means

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Passive Immunity

• when an animal is given antibodies that have
  already been produced by another individual

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Passive Immunity

• Antibodies passing from the mother through the
  placenta and in the colostrum.

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Passive Immunity

• provides only short-term immunity because the
  body breaks down the antibodies

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Active Immunity

• when an animal produces antibodies by natural or
  artificial means in response to an antigen

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Active Immunity

• produced naturally when an animal is exposed to a
  disease and builds antibodies in response

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Active Immunity

• produced artificially when an animal is
  vaccinated and builds antibodies in response to
  the vaccine

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Vaccines

• substances that upon injection into an animal,
  stimulate an immune response

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Vaccines

• Two main types
• modified-live
• killed

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Vaccines

• Modified-live Vaccines
• altered forms of specific antigens that are
  similar enough to the original disease-causing
  agent to cause a strong immune response without
  causing the disease

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Vaccines

• Killed Vaccines
• disease-causing agents that are inactivated by
  heat, chemical or mechanical means

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Vaccines

• Killed Vaccines
• Immunity developed with this vaccine is generally
  weaker than a modified-live vaccine.

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Vaccines

• Killed Vaccines
• There is also a possibility that the animal is
  allergic to the compound used to destroy the
  disease-causing agent.

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Diseases to Vaccinate For
Dogs

• Leptospirosis
• Lyme disease
• Parainfluenza
• Parvovirus
• Rabies

• Bordetella
• (Kennel cough)
• Coronavirus
• Distemper
• Infectious hepatitis

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Diseases to Vaccinate For
Cats

• Feline viral rhinotracheitits
• Panleukopenia
• Rabies

• Feline calicivirus
• Feline infectious peritonitis
• Feline leukemia virus

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Dental Care

• just as important for pets as it is for humans

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Dental Care

• both cats and dogs are susceptible to gingivitis
  and periodontal disease as well as other dental
  problems

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Gingivitis

• an inflammation and infection of the sensitive
  gums surrounding the teeth

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Periodontal Disease

• an advanced stage of gingivitis where the gingiva
  separates from the tooth and decay of the tooth
  sets in

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Signs of Poor Oral Health

• Persistent bad breath
• Difficulty eating
• Loss of appetite

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Signs of Poor Oral Health

• Inflamed or bleeding gums
• Tartar
• Excessive pawing at the mouth
• Loose or missing teeth

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Keeping Teeth Clean

• Dentistry is most often performed by the
  technician.

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Keeping Teeth Clean

• Dentistry is accomplished like human dentistry
  the teeth are
• cleaned,
• polished, and
• examined for abnormalities and disease

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Keeping Teeth Clean

• The main difference is that the patients are
  anesthetized for the procedure.

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Keeping Teeth Clean

• The technician is responsible for educating
  clients on the process of brushing their pets
  teeth.

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Home Dental Care

• Begin by handling your pets mouth.

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Home Dental Care

• Get them to accept a finger being rubbed along
  the teeth and gums.

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Home Dental Care

• Next, use a small toothbrush or a specially
  designed finger brush to scrub your pets teeth.

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Home Dental Care

• Only the outside of the tooth needs to be
  brushed.

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Home Dental Care

• There are several types of flavored pet
  toothpaste that your pet will enjoy.

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Home Dental Care

• NEVER USE HUMAN TOOTHPASTE!
• (It may make your pet sick if swallowed.)

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Home Dental Care

• Brush your pets teeth at least twice a week.

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Home Dental Care

• Develop a routine and make it fun for your pet.
• (They will think they are getting a treat!)

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Home Dental Care

• Feeding dry food and rawhide chews will cut down
  on the amount of tartar buildup.

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Anatomy of a Tooth
Enamel
Crown
Dentin
Gingiva
Periodontal ligament
Root
Pulp canal
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Medication

• Routes of Administration
• Medication is administered in different ways
  depending on the type of medication and how fast
  the animal needs to get it.

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Medication

• Routes of Administration
• Example
• a pill for preventing heartworm can be given
  orally

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Medication

• Routes of Administration
• Example
• a drug to prevent shock should be given IV
  (intravenously) since it is a life or death
  situation.

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Medication

• Routes of Administration
• Common Routes
• Oral IM intramuscular
• Nasal IP intraperitoneal
• Subcutaneous IV intravenous
• (Sub-Q)

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Routes of Administration
Nasal
Sub-Q
Oral
IM
IP
IV
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Medication

• Routes of Administration
• Most vaccinations are given
• SubQ or IM.
• Some are given nasally.

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Needles Syringes

• Come in many shapes and sizes.

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Needles Syringes

• Should be familiar with them so that the
  appropriate type and size are used for every
  procedure.

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Needles Syringes

• Needles come in several sizes that are referred
  to as gauges.

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Needles Syringes

• The smaller the gauge, the larger the needle.

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Needles Syringes

• Common Gauges
• 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27

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Needles Syringes

• Large gauge needles (16,18,20) are used for
  horses, swine and cattle.

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Needles Syringes

• Small gauge needles (21,22,23,25,27) are used for
  cats, dogs, and exotics.

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Needles Syringes

• Syringes also come in various sizes.

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Needles Syringes

• The most common sizes are
• insulin, 1, 3, 6, 12, 20, 35, and 60 ml
• 1 ml syringes are called tuberculin syringes

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Needles Syringes

• Insulin syringes come with attached needles and
  are measured in increments called units.

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Needles Syringes

• Syringes also come with different styles of tips.

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Needles Syringes

• Luer-Lok tip
• has a threaded tip to hold needle securely

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Needles Syringes

• Slip tip
• this is the standard syringe tip

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Needles Syringes

• Eccentric tip
• used to get a straighter angle
• for IV injections

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Needles Syringes

• Catheter tip
• used to administer oral medications and
  liquefied food

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Needles Syringes

• Filling and Reading a Syringe
• It is important to know the proper way to fill
  and read a syringe.

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Needles Syringes

• Filling and Reading a Syringe
• Improper filling and reading could result in an
  over or under dose of medication.

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Needles Syringes

• Filling and Reading a Syringe
• A properly filled syringe should have no air
  bubbles and should be filled to the correct
  amount.

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Needles Syringes

• Filling and Reading a Syringe
• Air bubbles injected into a vein could
  potentially cause disturbances in blood
  circulation and even death.

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Dispensing Labeling Medication

• Dispensing medication requires knowledge of math
  and the laws that govern how a medication is
  packaged and labeled.

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Dispensing Labeling Medication

• It is critical that medication is given in the
  right amount and that the directions for the
  client are clear and correct.

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Dispensing Labeling Medication

• Every medication label is required by law to
  include
• Name of veterinarian, address, phone, clinic name

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Dispensing Labeling Medication

• Every medication label is required by law to
  include
• 2. Patients name and species

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Dispensing Labeling Medication

• Every medication label is required by law to
  include
• 3. Name of medication, concentration, and number
  of units dispensed

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Dispensing Labeling Medication

• Every medication label is required by law to
  include
• Directions for use, including route of
  administration, and dosing interval
• ex. - 3x/day for 5 days

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Dispensing Labeling Medication

• Every medication label is required by law to
  include
• 5. Date

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Dispensing Labeling Medication

• Every medication label is required by law to
  include
• 6. Warning statement
• For Veterinary Use Only

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Medication Labels


Wild Wood Veterinary Hospital Melvin Turner,
DVM 128 Clearbrook Drive Colorado Springs, CO
75074 [phone]
Client/Patient Name______________________________
_____________ Species___________
Beth Lowery Fido Canine
Medication_______________________________________
___________ Amount__________________________
Clavamox 25mls
Directions for use ______________________________
______________________________ ___________________
_________________________________________
Give 2 mls twice a day until gone
Date_______________________
For Veterinary Use Only.
11/28/02