Title: solids
1??? ????
-
- ??
- solids
- 8.1 ?????
- 8.2 ???????????
- 8.3 ?????
2 8.1 ?????
- ??????
- (?)????(?????????????,??????)
- (?)????
- (?)????????????????????????
- ????????(?????????)??????????????????????????
?
38.1 ?????(?)
- ??????(??)
- ????????????????????( ? , ? , ?
,????)????,?????????????????? - ???? (??P.208?9-1)
- 3???(a, b, c)
- 3?????(? , ? , ?)
4????7????14???(??)
- ????????,?????7???,????????????,?14????
- ??P.209, ?9.1 (??????)
- ?? ??(??, Bravias ,??P.210 ?9-5)
- ?? 3
- ?? 2
- ?? 4
- ?? 2
- ?? 1
- ?? 1
- ?? 1
- ?? 7 14
5?????????
- (?)??(Crystal lattice)(????)
- ????????,(?????????????)????????????????????
- ?14???(??),???7???
- (?)??(Cell)
- ???????????????
- ????????????????????????
- (?)??
- ???????????
68.2 ???????????
- ????????????????????????4??
- ???? ? ??????? ??????
- ???? Na, Fe ???????? ???
- (??????)
- ???? NaCl, CaF2 ??????? ???
- ???? ???,Si,SiC ?? ???
- ???? N2, H2O,CO2 ?? ????(?????)
7??????
- ?9-1 ?????4???(??P?213 - 215)
???????? ???? C.N. ?? ??? ?? (??P?215 ?9-2)
??????(SCP)A.A ???? 6 ?? 52 ?-Po ? (?? )
??????(bcp)AB.AB ???? 8 ? 68
???????(fcp)ABC.ABC ???? 12 ? 74
?????(hcp)AB.AB ?? 12? 74
8??????(?)
- (?)????
- ?????? A.A
- ?????? AB.AB
- ??????? ABC.ABC
- ????? AB.AB
- A????,B????,
- ???????????????
9(?)???????
- ?1??????????????????? (??P.213, ?9-10)
- (1)????????????
- 1 8 1/8 2
- ?????????1???,
- 8????1???,?????8?
- ?????
10(?)???????(?)
- (2)????r ?????a ???
- ???? 2a 2 a 2 (4r) 2
- ??????? ?????? ????
- ?
11 (?)???????(?)
- (3)?????
-
- ? ????????? / ???? ? 100
-
12?2?????????????
- ??????a,?????r.
- ????? a 2 a 2 (4r)2
- a 2.83 r
- ?????????????
- 8 ? 1/8 6 ? ½ 4
- 8????1???,?8?????
- 6???,?1???,?2?????.
- ? (4 ? 4/3 ?r 3) / a 3
- (4 ? 4/3 ?r 3) / (2.83 r ) 3 ? 100 74
13(?)??????
- ?????????????,????(12)???????
- ????Na?K?Hg?
14??????
- (?)?????????
- 1. ??????????????
- ????????????(???)
- 2. ?????????
- NaCl?CaF2 ? KNO3?????
- 3. ???U?,?????
- (????-????)
- 4. ?????????
15(?) 5????????????????? (??P. 218?9-15)
?? ??? ?? ??? ???? C.N. ??????
CsCl ???? ??? (????????) Cs 8 Cl- 8 88 CsCl- 11
NaCl ???? ??? (????????) 66 NaCl- 44
??ZnS (???) ???? 1/2?????? (????????) 44 Zn2S2- 44
16(?) 5?????????????????(?) (??P. 218?9-15)
?? ????? ??? ???? C.N. ??????
CaF2 ?? ???? ½ ?????? (Ca2???????) Ca2 8 F- 4 (8 4) Ca2 F- 4 8
TiO2 ??? ???? ???( Ti4??????????) Ti4 6 O2- 3 Ti4 O2- 2 4
17(?)?????
- ?????????C.N.????????
- ?????????????(r/r-)???
- ?,?C.N.? ?,?C.N. ?
- ?NaCl(????)??(??P.219?9-16)
- ? ,? ,
- ????? ?
18(?)?????(?)
- ? ?
- ??????????
- ????????
- ????????(????),??????????,????????????,?
44??(??ZnS?) - 2.? (NaCl?????, 66??)
- 3.?
- ????????????????,??????88(CsCl?????)
19(?)?????(?)??
- 1.?????????????,????????????,?NaCl?CsCl????
,???? - ?AgI(c) r / r - 0.583.
- ?????????NaCl?,?????ZnS??
- ??Ag?I-??????,?????,??????ZnS(C.N.??,?44,??
?NaCl??66) - 2.????,?????
- ?RbCl(c),
- ??CsCl?,??NaCl??
20?????(?)??
- 3. ??????????,??????2????
- ?GeO2 r / r - 53 pm / 132 pm 0.40.
- ??ZnS
- NaCl ???????????.
- 4.???????????r / r -???,??????????????????(?AgI
)??????(???)???? - ?1 R.T. CsCl ??CsCl??
- ?? CsCl ??NaCl??
21??????
- (?)??????????
- (?)???????????(??????,?H2O(s)
- (?)????????????????,???????????,???,?????
- (?)??????
- ?? H2?O2? X2
- H2O?HX?CO2
- ??????????????????
22??????(????)
- (?)???????????
- (?)???????????
- ????,???,?????
- (?)?????????
- (?)??????(???????????)
- ??? (C?C.N. 4),??????34?
- C ?sp 3??,??4?C??????,
- ???400 kJmol-1 (??P?222?9-20)
- ???????(SiC),??(SiO2)
23???????
- ?1??(graphite)
-
- C??
- ????????(??P?224?9-22)
- ?????C?sp 2??,??3?C??????,??????(?????)
- ???????????? ? ?????
- ???????????????????
- ??????
24???????(?)
- ?2 ??
- Ca2SiO4?????
- Ca2-SiO42-????(???),
- SiO42-???,Si-O????
- ? ??????????????????
258.3 ?????
- ?????(????)???????-????
- ??? - ??? ????????
26????????
- ??????(??P.220?9-18)
- ?????(Polarizing??)
- ????? ( Polarizability, Polarized??)
- ??????????,??????????,?????????,??????,?????
?????? - ????????????,??????
- ????????,???,??????
- ??????,??????,??????
27????????(?)
- (?)?????????
- 1.????z
- 2.????r
- 3.????????
- ?????????? ?????? ? ??,
- ?(?)?,????
- ? z / r 2 (????s ?,p ?)
- ? z / r 2 (????d ??ds ?)
- ??Z ?????(???), z ??????,
- r ?????(pm),??L.Pauling???
28????????(?)
- ? z / r 2
- ?????,z? , r? , ? ?
- ???????.
- ????????????????,????? ? ???????
- ? z / r 2
- ??,z ???????
29????????(?)
- ??????,?????,???????????
- ???
-
- ??d ?????,?????????,? Z ?,
- ???????????
- ??d?,ds???????,? F ?????
Cu, Ag, Au Li Na
Zn2,Cd2, Hg2 Sn2,Pb2 Be2 Mn2,Fe2,Co2 Ca2
Bi3 Ni2,Cr3 Al3
30(?)?????????
- ????????????????3????
- ?????a??,a?,?????
- 1. ???
- (1)?????
- ???????????,????,?a ?,?????
?1 F- Cl- Br- I-
rp/pm 136 181 195 216
a 1.16 4.07 5.31 7.90
??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
?2 F- O2-
rp/pm 130 lt 140 130 lt 140
a 1.16 lt 4.32 1.16 lt 4.32
??? ? ? ? ?
31(?)?????????(?)
- (2)?????
- ?????,?????????,??????????
- ??????????
-
32 2. ??????
- (1)????????z ?, ????
- 8e?????
- ??? Na gt Mg2 gt Al3
- z 1 2
3 - ??? ? ? ?
- (2)????????,z ??,?r ? ,????
- Na lt K lt Rb lt Cs
- Mg2 lt Ca2 lt Sr2 lt Ba2
332. ??????(?)
- (3)z ??,r ??,??????
- ?1 Cd2 gt Ca2
- rp/pm 97 99
- ???? 18e 8e
- ?2 Ag gt K
- rp/pm 126 133
- ???? 18e 8e
-
34???????
- 1. ???????????????,?I-,S2-,???????8e,(182)e?(9-1
7)e,?????????,?Ag?Hg2?Cu?Cd2?Pb2?Sn2? - 2. ??????????,???,8e?2e??????,?Al3?Be2?
35????????(????)
- ?1
- AgF?,?? AgCl? AgBr??? AgI??
-
- ???????????
- ?????(H2O????,????)
- ????
36????????(?)
?2 ZnI2 CdI2 HgI2
?? ? ?? ?(??)
298k ???(g/100gH2O) 9.62 43.2 ??
37????????(?)?3. ???????
??? AgCl AgBr AgI
???r / r - 0.696 0.646 0.583
???????? NaCl NaCl NaCl
?????? NaCl NaCl ??ZnS
??C.N. 66 66 44
38????????????
- ???????????????????,??????????????????,?????
?????????,????????????????????????????????????????
????????????? - ???????????????,?????????????
39? ? ? ?
- ?????7????14???(??)?
- ?. ????
- 1.????
- ???? AA
- ???? ABAB(A???,B 1???)
- ???? ABCABC
- ???? ABAB(A???,B???)
- (??????????)
- 2.???????
40? ? ? ? (?)
- ?. ????
- 1.????
- CsCl?NaCl???ZnS???CaF2????TiO2??
- ???? NaCl?CsCl ??
41 ? ? ? ? (?) 2.?????(????)
- r / r- lt 0.414
- ? ?? ZnS??? (C.N. 44)
- r / r- 0.414 0.732
- ? NaCl ??????? (C.N. 66)
- r / r- gt 0.732
- ? CsCl ??????? (C.N. 88)
- ???????? ? ???? ?
- AgI(c) r / r - 0.583
- ??NaCl?
- ????ZnS? (C.N. ?)
42? ? ? ? (?)
- 3.????
- H2O, CO2, N2, O2, F2
- 4.????
- ???(C)????????(SiC)???(SiO2)
- 5.?????
- ??(C)
- ??(Ca2SiO4????)
43????
- ??p.225 228
- 3, 9, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21
- ??(??????)
- 7, 15, 17, 22, 23