G DeBenedetti

1
Pathways to Harmony

• Chapter 4 Half and whole steps, major scales and
  the circle of fifths
• 4.4 Writing scales on the staff

2

• Notes in a scale must alternate lines and spaces
  when written on a staff.

3

• Notes in a scale must alternate lines and spaces
  when written on a staff.
• Two adjacent notes on lines or two adjacent notes
  in spaces, as in the bottom of the illustration,
  is incorrect.

4

• Notes in a scale must alternate lines and spaces
  when written on a staff.
• Two adjacent notes on lines or two adjacent notes
  in spaces, as in the bottom of the illustration,
  is incorrect.
• Also the notes' letters must proceed
  alphabetically.

5

• To write scales on a staff, write noteheads on
  alternating lines and spaces BEFORE figuring out
  half steps and whole steps.
• Use this procedure

6

• To write scales on a staff, write noteheads on
  alternating lines and spaces BEFORE figuring out
  half steps and whole steps.
• Use this procedure
• 1. a. DRAW eight note heads in ascending order
  beginning with the key note. Do not skip any
  lines or spaces. Leave enough room between notes
  to insert sharps or flats.

7

• To write scales on a staff, write noteheads on
  alternating lines and spaces BEFORE figuring out
  half steps and whole steps.
• Use this procedure
• 1. a. DRAW eight note heads in ascending order
  beginning with the key note. Do not skip any
  lines or spaces. Leave enough room between notes
  to insert sharps or flats.
• b. CHECK that the first note has the same letter
  name as the last.

8

• To write scales on a staff, write noteheads on
  alternating lines and spaces BEFORE figuring out
  half steps and whole steps.
• Use this procedure
• 1. a. DRAW eight note heads in ascending order
  beginning with the key note. Do not skip any
  lines or spaces. Leave enough room between notes
  to insert sharps or flats.
• b. CHECK that the first note has the same letter
  name as the last.
• c. If the key note has a sharp or flat, INSERT
  that sharp or flat in front of the last note.

9

• 2. WRITE the numbers 1 to 8 below the notes
  (optional).

10

• 2. WRITE the numbers 1 to 8 below the notes
  (optional).
• 3. WRITE Ws and Hs BETWEEN the numbers or notes
  in the pattern of whole and half steps for major
  scales.

11

• 4. DRAW sharps and flats, where needed, so the
  notes correspond to the pattern of whole and half
  steps. REFER to a keyboard

12

• 4. DRAW sharps and flats, where needed, so the
  notes correspond to the pattern of whole and half
  steps. REFER to a keyboard
• The first notes, D-flat and E, are not separated
  by a whole step, as they should be.

13

• 4. DRAW sharps and flats, where needed, so the
  notes correspond to the pattern of whole and half
  steps. REFER to a keyboard
• The first notes, D-flat and E, are not separated
  by a whole step, as they should be.
• WRITE a flat in front of the E to make these
  notes a whole step apart.

14

• 4. DRAW sharps and flats, where needed, so the
  notes correspond to the pattern of whole and half
  steps. REFER to a keyboard
• The first notes, D-flat and E, are not separated
  by a whole step, as they should be.
• WRITE a flat in front of the E to make these
  notes a whole step apart.
• The next notes, E-flat and F, are in fact a whole
  step apart, as they should be, so do not add a
  sharp or flat to the F.

15

• 4. DRAW sharps and flats, where needed, so the
  notes correspond to the pattern of whole and half
  steps. REFER to a keyboard
• The first notes, D-flat and E, are not separated
  by a whole step, as they should be.
• WRITE a flat in front of the E to make these
  notes a whole step apart.
• The next notes, E-flat and F, are in fact a whole
  step apart, as they should be, so do not add a
  sharp or flat to the F.
• The F and G are not a half step apart, as they
  should be

16

• 4. DRAW sharps and flats, where needed, so the
  notes correspond to the pattern of whole and half
  steps. REFER to a keyboard
• The first notes, D-flat and E, are not separated
  by a whole step, as they should be.
• WRITE a flat in front of the E to make these
  notes a whole step apart.
• The next notes, E-flat and F, are in fact a whole
  step apart, as they should be, so do not add a
  sharp or flat to the F.
• The F and G are not a half step apart, as they
  should be
• so write a flat in front of the G to correct this
  distance.

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• Continuing this procedure results in the above
  scale.

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Write scales on staffs on the circle of fifths
Let's work together

• DOWNLOAD Chapter 4 or Expanded Chapter 4 from
  http//www.gmajormusictheory.org/Fundamentals/work
  books.html
• PRINT either
• Worksheets 4.9 and 4.10 of Chapter 4 OR
• Worksheets 4Ex15 and 4Ex16 of Expanded Chapter 4
• FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS on the next slides to
  write scales on circular staffs around the circle
  of fifths.

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• TURN 4.9 or 4Ex15 upside down.

20

• TURN 4.9 or 4Ex15 up-side down.
• Like the circle of fifths in presentation 4.3,
  start with a C scale at what is now the bottom.

21
Some instructions in this presentation are
already completed in the printout.

• TURN 4.9 or 4Ex15 up-side down.
• Like the circle of fifths in presentation 4.3,
  start with a C scale at what is now the bottom.
• FILL IN the notes of a C scale
• draw the note heads alternating lines and spaces

22
Some instructions in this presentation are
already completed in the printout.

• TURN 4.9 or 4Ex15 up-side down.
• Like the circle of fifths in presentation 4.3,
  start with a C scale at what is now the bottom
  WRITE "C" in its box.
• FILL IN the notes of a C scale
• draw the note heads alternating lines and spaces
• Write W's and H's between the notes. (Do not
  number the notes.)

23
Some instructions in this presentation are
already completed in the printout.

• TURN 4.9 or 4Ex15 up-side down.
• Like the circle of fifths in presentation 4.3,
  start with a C scale at what is now the bottom
  WRITE "C" in its box.
• FILL IN the notes of a C scale
• draw the note heads alternating lines and spaces
• Write W's and H's between the notes. (Do not
  number the notes.)
• Write flats or sharps next to each note as needed
  to satisfy the pattern of whole and half steps.
  Drawing dots on the keyboard may help.

24
Some instructions in this presentation are
already completed in the printout.

• TURN 4.9 or 4Ex15 up-side down.
• Like the circle of fifths in presentation 4.3,
  start with a C scale at what is now the bottom
  WRITE "C" in its box.
• FILL IN the notes of a C scale
• draw the note heads alternating lines and spaces
• Write W's and H's between the notes. (Do not
  number the notes.)
• Write flats or sharps next to each note as needed
  to satisfy the pattern of whole and half steps.
  Drawing dots on the keyboard may help.

Just as the C scale has no black keys, the note
heads for the C scale have no flats or sharps.
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• As before, the key note of the scale to the left
  is the fifth note of the C scale, G.

26

• As before, the key note of the scale to the left
  is the fifth note of the C scale, G.
• Put a G in its box

27

• As before, the key note of the scale to the left
  is the fifth note of the C scale, G.
• Put a G in its box
• and a G on the staff below.

28

• As before, the key note of the scale to the left
  is the fifth note of the C scale, G.
• Put a G in its box
• and a G on the staff below.
• Caution! This staff is in bass clef.

29

• As before, the key note of the scale to the left
  is the fifth note of the C scale, G.
• Put a G in its box
• and a G on the staff below.
• Caution! This staff is in bass clef.
• In a G scale, one sharp will be needed. It will
  appear on the next-to-the-last note, F.

30

• As before, the key note of the scale to the left
  is the fifth note of the C scale, G.
• Put a G in its box
• and a G on the staff below.
• Caution! This staff is in bass clef.
• In a G scale, one sharp will be needed. It will
  appear on the next-to-the-last note, F.
• Proceed around the circle in the same way. Only
  sharps appear in these scales and the number of
  sharps increases with each scale.

31

• As before, the key note of the scale to the left
  is the fifth note of the C scale, G.
• Put a G in its box
• and a G on the staff below.
• Caution! This staff is in bass clef.
• In a G scale, one sharp will be needed. It will
  appear on the next-to-the-last note, F.
• Proceed around the circle in the same way. Only
  sharps appear in these scales and the number of
  sharps increases with each scale.

There are some unusual notes in the F and C
scales. See the next slide
32

• In the F scale, the alternation of line and
  space notes on the staff leads to an E as the
  next-to-the-last note.

33

• In the F scale, the alternation of line and
  space notes on the staff leads to an E as the
  next-to-the-last note.
• Yet the next-to-the-last note on the keyboard,
  following the sequence of half steps and whole
  steps, looks like an F.

34

• In the F scale, the alternation of line and
  space notes on the staff leads to an E as the
  next-to-the-last note.
• Yet the next-to-the-last note on the keyboard,
  following the sequence of half steps and whole
  steps, looks like an F.
• WRITE this note as an E on the staff. Both the
  dot on the keyboard and the note on the staff are
  correct.

35
Wrapping up sharp scales

• The C scale, to the left, has situations similar
  to the F scale
• WRITE E instead of F and B instead of C.

36
Wrapping up sharp scales

• The C scale, to the left, has situations similar
  to the F scale
• WRITE E instead of F and B instead of C.
• In the C scale every note is sharp

37
Wrapping up sharp scales

• The C scale, to the left, has situations similar
  to the F scale
• WRITE E instead of F and B instead of C.
• In the C scale every note is sharp
• The number of sharps in the scales on this staff
  increase from 1 to 7 progressing clockwise.

38
Wrapping up sharp scales

• The C scale, to the left, has situations similar
  to the F scale
• WRITE E instead of F and B instead of C.
• In the C scale every note is sharp
• The number of sharps in the scales on this staff
  increase from 1 to 7 progressing clockwise.
• When counting sharps, do not count both the first
  and last notes. Since they have the same letter,
  they are counted only once.

39
Flat scales

• Begin the flat scales on the bottom right with
  C-flat. This note is enharmonic with B, and so
  its scale shares the keyboard with the B scale.

40
Flat scales

• Begin the flat scales on the bottom right with
  C-flat. This note is enharmonic with B, and so
  its scale shares the keyboard with the B scale.
• Every note is flat in the C-flat scale, including
  three notes played on white keys--the two C-flats
  and an F-flat.

41
Flat scales

• Begin the flat scales on the bottom right with
  C-flat. This note is enharmonic with B, and so
  its scale shares the keyboard with the B scale.
• Every note is flat in the C-flat scale, including
  three notes played on white keys--the two C-flats
  and an F-flat.
• The number of flats, moving clockwise, descends
  from 7 to 1 (counting the first and last notes,
  of scales beginning with flats, only once).

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Now it's your turn

• PRINT from http//www.gmajormusictheory.org/Fundam
  entals/workbooks.html, and COMPLETE with
  paper and pencil EITHER
• worksheets 4.8 and 4.10 from Chapter 4 OR
• Worksheets 4Ex14 and 4Ex16 from Expanded Chapter
  4.