Programme of next practicals

1
Programme of next practicals

• April 17th
• Revision practical Microscopic structure of the
  heart and blood vessels.
• April 24th
• Blood cells Cytology of formed elements of
  blood. Hematopoiesis demonstration of
  developmental stages.
• Repetition test II (Epithelial tissue, muscle
  tissue and nervous tissue.)
• May 1st, May 8th - Holiday

2
General histology Repetition

• Tissue types
• Connective and supporting (blood)
• Epithelial
• Muscular
• Nervous

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Connective tissue

• developed from mesenchyme
• consists of
• cells
• intercellular matrix
• amorphous ground substance
• fibers

4
Classification

• connective tissue proper
• specialized connective (supporting) tissue
• cartilage
• 
  bone
• Functions
• mechanical (cartilage, bone)
• nutritional (intercellular substance)
• defensive (cells histiocytes, plasma cells,
  leukocytes immunocompetence, production of
  antibodies)

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Connective tissue proper

• mucous (jelly-like)
• loose collagenous (areolar)
• dense collagenous (regular, irregular)
• reticular
• elastic
• adipose tissue (white, brown)

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Connective tissue proper

• Mucous (jelly-like) connective tissue

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Loose (areolar) connective tissue
8
Dense connective tissue (regular, irregular)
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Elastic tissue
10
Reticular tissue
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Adipose tissue (white)
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Cartilage

• composed of cells (chondrocytes) and
  intercellular matrix fibers and amorphous
  substance (chondrocytes present in lacunae within
  the matrix)
• fibers
• collagenous only
• combination of collagenous and elastic
• cartilage is nonvascular, without nerves
• perichondrium dense irregular connective tissue
  on the surface important for growth and
  nutrition of cartilage
• Classification according to the kind and amount
  of fibers
• hyaline cartilage
• elastic cartilage
• fibrocartilage

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Cartilage (hyaline)
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Cartilage (elastic)
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Fibrocartilage
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Bone

• Cells osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts,
  osteoprogenitor cells
• Intercellular matrix collagenous fibers (type
  I), amorphous substance, inorganic salts
• Macroscopically - 2 types compact (dense) and
  spongy (cancelous)
• Microscopically 2 types according to the
  organisation of intercellular substance woven
  (nonlamellar) and Haversian (lamellar)

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Woven bone
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Lamellar (Haversian) bone
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Epithelial tissue

• Classification on the structural basis
  (arrangement of cells)
• membranes cells form sheets the most common
  type, including most exocrine glands
• trabecular cells are arranged into anastomosing
  trabeculae liver, endocrine glands
• reticular stellate cells form a network
  thymus
• Classification on the basis of function
• Covering (lining) epithelia epithelial
  membranes
• Glandular epithelium
• Absorptive epithelium enterocytes (intestine)
• Respiratory epithelium pneumocytes (lung)
• Sensory epithelium olfactory ep., taste buds
• Myoepithelial cells (exocrine glands, m.
  dilatator pupillae)

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Covering epithelia (epithelial membranes)

• Simple squamous

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Covering epithelia (epithelial membranes)

• Simple cuboidal

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Covering epithelia (epithelial membranes)

• Simple columnar

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Covering epithelia (epithelial membranes)

• pseudostratified

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Covering epithelia (epithelial membranes)

• Stratified squamous nonkeratinized

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Covering epithelia (epithelial membranes)

• Stratified squamous keratinized

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Covering epithelia (epithelial membranes)

• Stratified columnar

27
Covering epithelia (epithelial membranes)

• transitional

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Glandular epithelium

• Unicellular glands
• Goblet cells Paneth cells

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Glandular epitheliummulticellular glands ducts
and secretory portions (acini, tubules)
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Glandular epithelium

• Multicellular glands serous acini and mucous
  tubules

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Muscle tissue

• Morphological unit of
• Skeletal muscle
• cell is called muscle fiber rhabdomyocyte
  (multinucleated, nuclei at periphery)
• myofibrils are structures inside the cell,
  consist of myofilaments (actin, myosin)
• Cardiac muscle
• cell cardiomyocyte (uninucleated, nucleus
  centrally)
• myofibrils, intercallated discs
• Smooth muscle
• cell leiomyocyte (uninucleated, nucleus
  centrally)
• no myofibrils, only myofilaments

32
Skeletal muscle
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Cardiac muscle
34
Smooth muscle
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Nervous tissue

• Anatomically
• CNS (central nervous system) brain, spinal cord
• PNS (peripheral nervous system) nerves, ganglia
• Histologically it consists of 2 principal cell
  types
• nerve cells (neurons) excitability
  (irritability) and conductivity
• supporting cells (neuroglia)

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Types of neurons pyramidal cells
37
Types of neurons Purkinje cell
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Types of neurons motor neurons of spinal cord
39
Types of neurons pseudounipolar neurons
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Peripheral nerve
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Peripheral nerve