Some things to discuss

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Some things to discuss

• When did the Space Age start?
• What made humans start to believe that reaching
  space was actually possible not just a dream?
• Who were the main players/countries in the Space
  Race?
• What were the outcomes of the Space Race?

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THE SPACE AGE
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ROCKETS

• http//www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/rocket/rktflight.
  html
• HOW DOES A ROCKET WORK?
• There were 3 main rocket pioneers

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1) Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857 1935)

• Russian School teacher
• Looked not only at putting rockets in space but
  living in space!
• Worked out the basic math equations for rocketry
  in 1903.
• Determined liquid fuel rockets would be needed to
  get to space
• Oxygen and hydrogen would be the best fuels

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• "Men are weak now, and yet they transform the
  Earth's surface. In millions of years their might
  will increase to the extent that they will change
  the surface of the Earth, its oceans, the
  atmosphere, and themselves. They will control the
  climate and the Solar System just as they control
  the Earth. They will travel beyond the limits of
  our planetary system they will reach other Suns,
  and use their fresh energy instead of the energy
  of their dying luminary."-Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

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• He also predicted
• space suits
• the problems of eating, drinking, and sleeping in
  weightlessness
• Many of his ideas came before flight!

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Plan of Space Exploration

• 1) Creation of rocket airplanes with wings.
• 2) Progressively increasing the speed and
  altitude of these airplanes.
• 3) Production of real rockets-without wings.
• 4) Ability to land on the surface of the sea.
• 5) Reaching escape velocity (about 8 Km/second),
  and the first flight into Earth orbit.

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• 6) Lengthening rocket flight times in space.
• 7) Experimental use of plants to make an
  artificial atmosphere in spaceships.
• 8) Using pressurized space suits for activity
  outside of spaceships.
• 9) Making orbiting greenhouses for plants.
• 10) Constructing large orbital habitats around
  the Earth.

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• 11) Using solar radiation to grow food, to heat
  space quarters, and for transport throughout the
  Solar System.
• 12) Colonization of the asteroid belt.
• 13) Colonization of the entire Solar System and
  beyond.
• 14) Achievement of individual and social
  perfection.
• 15) Overcrowding of the Solar System and the
  colonization of the Milky Way (the Galaxy).
• 16) The Sun begins to die and the people
  remaining in the Solar System's population go to
  other suns.

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2) Robert Goddard (1882-1945)

• Father of Modern Rocketry
• Professor at Clarke University (USA)
• Developed the theory of controlled,
  liquid-fuelled rocketry.
• 1926 launched the worlds first liquid fueled
  rocket.
• Developed nearly the entirety of rocket
  technology.

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• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileRobert_Goddard_f
  ootage.ogg

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3) Hermann Oberth (1894-1989)

• Developed principles of rocketry
• 1929 published influential book The Rocket into
  Interplanetary Space
• Convinced the world that rockets were the way to
  space
• Romanian by birth, German citizen
• His ideas created many rocket societies

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Wernher von Braun (1912-1977)

• Engineer
• Developed and launched first rocket capable of
  reaching space
• German V2
• At end of World War II led his scientists and
  engineers out of Germany to the Americans
• Worked on the IRBM (intermediate range ballistic
  missile)
• Joined NASA

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V-2 Rocket- world's first long-range
combat-ballistic missile - first human artifact
to achieve sub-orbital
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Other Note-worthy Rockets

• In the 1930s, a German, Gerhard Zucker,
  experimented with powder rockets similar to
  fireworks as a mode of delivering post. After
  moving to the United Kingdom, Zucker attempted to
  convince the General Post Office that Rocket Mail
  was viable. The post was attached to an internal
  parachute which would deploy upon arrival at its
  destination. On 31 July 1934 a rocket packed with
  1,200 envelopes was launched over a 1600-metre
  flight path between the Hebridean islands of
  Harris and Scarp in Scotland. Unfortunately for
  Zucker, the rocket exploded and destroyed most of
  its cargo.

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The Space Race (1957-1975)

• Competition between Soviet Union and USA to
• Explore outer space with satellites
• Send humans to space
• Land humans on the Moon
• Important because of military implications and
  morale-boosting benefits
• Occurred along with Cold War/Arms Race

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Satellites

• Natural satellite an object naturally occurring
  in orbit
• Artificial satellite an object put into orbit
  by human endeavour
• Communication satellite a satellite stationed
  in space for the purposes of telecommunications

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Sputnik 1

• First artificial satellite to orbit the Earth
• Launched October 4, 1957 by Soviet Union
• R-7 Rocket
• Marks the start of the Space Race
• Caused fear and stirred political debate in the
  US
• Eisenhower administration- formation of NASA

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Sputnik 2

• Launched a month later by Soviet Union
• Important as it carried a dog (first living
  creature in space)

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Explorer 1

• Launched February 1, 1958
• Jupiter-c rocket
• First USA Earth satellite
• These first satellites were used for scientific
  purposes.
• Sputnik density of upper atmosphere
• Explorer discovery of Van Allen radiation belt

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• Van Allen Belt a radiation belt around Earth

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Schooling Impacts

• The USA was in a crisis Soviets had started
  the Space Race and the USAs first attempt had
  failed (Project Vanguard)
• In an effort to regain technological supremacy,
  Eisenhower came up with the National Defense
  Education Act
• Revamp school curriculum
• New school construction
• Loans and fellowships for promising students
• Vocational training

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Project SCORE

• Signal Communications Orbit Relay Equipment
• Worlds first communications satellite (USA)
• Launched December 18, 1958
• Relayed a Christmas message from President
  Eisenhower to the world

Atlas Missile used to launch SCORE
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Animals in Space

• First animals fruit flies
• Launched by USA, 1946
• German V-2 Rocket
• First in orbit dog named Laika
• Launched by Soviet Union, 1957
• Sputnik 2
• Never returned. Died from overheating and
  stress.

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More Animals

• Soviet dogs, Belka and Strelka, orbited the Earth
  and returned. 1960.
• Americans sent chimpanzees in 1961.
• Soviets sent turtles in 1968. First to orbit the
  moon.

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Humans in Space

• Soviets first to fulfill human spaceflight with
  own spaceship and launcher
• First Human Yuri Gagarin
• Vostok 1
• April 12, 1961
• Orbited Earth for 108min

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Humans in Space

• 23 days later
• Alan Shepard entered space for the USA
• Sub-orbital mission Freedom7
• Less than 16min
• Altitude of 187km

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Humans in Space

• First American to orbit the Earth
• John Glenn
• February 20, 1962
• Completed 3 orbits
• Friendship7

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Humans in Space

• More Soviet Firsts
• First dual-manned flight August 11, 1962
• First woman Valentina Tereshkova. June 16, 1963
• First flight with more than 2 crew October 12,
  1964
• First spacewalk March 18, 1965

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Lunar Missions

• Before anyone could put a person on the Moon,
  unmanned spacecraft had to land safely.
• Soviets (first)
• Luna 1 (unsuccessful)
• Luna 2 (successful - 1959)
• Americans
• The Pioneer Program (unsuccessful)
• The Ranger Program (successful 1962)
• The Lunar Orbiter Program
• The robotic Surveyor Program (located Apollo
  landing sites)

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Failed

• http//www.ugcs.caltech.edu/marcsulf/unmanned.htm
  l

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The Apollo Program

• 1961 President Kennedy and V.P. Lyndon B. Johnson
• Goal manned moon-landing missions
• December 21, 1968 James Lovell, Frank Borman and
  Bill Anders in Apollo 8 orbited the moon 10 times

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The Apollo Program

• July 20, 1969 - Apollo 11 mission
• Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins
• FIRST man to walk on moon!
• 5 other Apollo missions have landed on the moon
• Last in 1972

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More Firsts in Space

• 1959 First weather satellite (USA)
• 1959 First photo of Earth from orbit (USA)
• 1960 First spy satellite (USA)
• 1962 USA has first flyby around a planet
  other than Earth (Venus)
• 1971- Soviets create the first Space Station

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Who Won the Space Race?

• Americans believed they won
• First man on the moon
• Soviets believed they won
• First man in space
• WHAT DO YOU THINK???
• Create a list of firsts and decide who has won
  in your opinion!

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Soviets

• First satellite
• First animal
• First animal that survived
• First manned spaceflight
• First manned spaceflight with more than 1 person
• First woman in space
• First space station

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USA

• First communications satellite
• First planetary flyby (going near a planet)
• First man on the moon
• Purpose for many space programs was data

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End of Space Race

• Although the end of the Space Race is difficult
  to determine, in 1975 the first multinational
  manned mission was completed by USA and Soviets
  together.

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Since the end of the Race

• Science and math education in school has been at
  the forefront
• Thousands of artificial satellites in space
• Food sterilization and packaging techniques
• Stay dry clothing, anti-fog goggles, etc

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Since the end of the Race

• April 12, 1981 USA launched first reusable
  Spacecraft (space shuttle)
• November 15, 1986 Soviet Union launched their
  first reusable spacecraft
• October 15, 2003 China launched their first
  human spaceflight (Shenzhou 5)

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Space Shuttles

• During the Shuttle Era, 6 orbiters were built
• Enterprise approach landing tests only
• Columbia first to fly into space. Broke-up
  during re-entry Feb 2003.
• Challenger lost in January 1986
• Discovery
• Atlantis
• Endeavour built to replace Challenger

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Atmosphere

• The Earths atmosphere is a layer of gases that
  surrounds the Earth. This layer protects life on
  Earth. It is held in by gravity.
• Earths atmosphere is about 480km 650km thick.
  About 80 is within the first 16km.
• There is no definite end to the atmosphere the
  air thins until it merges with outer space.
  Generally agreed that space starts about 100km
  above Earth.

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Exosphere

• last layer before outerspace
• no clear boundary with space and the exosphere
• the exosphere is sometimes considered outer space
• 190,000 kilometres half the distance to the Moon

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Outerspace

• the void that exists beyond any celestial body
  including the Earth
• Outside the atmosphere and exosphere
• It is not a perfect vacuum but close

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Space

• 100 km from sea level? Kármán line
• Outerspace (outside exosphere)?
• Exosphere itself?
• 80km (USA determines anyone who flies at this
  altitude an astronaut)

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Escaping Earth

• Overcoming gravity is the biggest problem in
  space exploration
• Minimum velocity required to remain in orbit is
  called orbital velocity.
• Velocity required to escape Earths gravity is
  about 40 faster than orbital velocity. It is
  called escape velocity.

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Escaping Earth

• A powerful rocket called a launch vehicle helps a
  spacecraft overcome gravity.
• Launch vehicles have 2 or more sections (stages)
• Stage 1 must provide enough thrust (pushing
  force) to leave Earths surface
• After the 1st stage propellants are used up, the
  launch vehicle will fall away
• Then the 2nd stage fires. When its propellants
  are used up, it too will fall away.

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Returning to Earth

• Stage 3 Must slowdown as it approaches Earth!!!
  
• Small rockets are used to redirect flights path
  into upper atmosphere
• The rockets aim to skim the top of Earths
  atmosphere, allowing air resistance to aid in
  slowing the space shuttle down.
• At end of their fall, parachutes slow it further
• Shuttles have wings that help land like airplane
  some early rockets landed in water