Vocabulary

1
UNIT 7

• Vocabulary
• Conventional Power Plants
• Thermal power plant
• Nuclear power plant
• Hydroelectric power plant
• Grammar and functions
• Describing processes sequence (p122)
• Active vs. Passive
• Revision of vb tenses (regular irregular vbs)
• Revision of grammar structures

2
SEQUENCE (p122)

• First / Firstly / First of all / The process
  begins /commences / starts with
• In the first step / stage / The first step /
  stage is .... / To begin with
• Secondly/ After this, / Later, / Afterwards/
  Then, / Next, / Subsequently
• In the following / next stage, / The next step
  is ...
• At the end of the process / In the last stage/
  The last step / stage is ....
• Finally / Eventually.. finishes / concludes with
•  So far, / Up to now 
•  Before this / Previously, / Prior to this /
  Earlier, / In the preceding / previous / former
  stage
• At the same time,/ During .... / Simultaneously,
  / While ... / Meantime / Meanwhile / As ... / In
  the meantime / When ...
• OTHER EXPRESSIONS 
• The process takes place / occurs / happens
• To carry out / develop a process
• METHOD by means of ... / (by) using ... / With
  the help of ...
• One method for /way of ... ( verb ING) .... is
  to ....
• PURPOSE In order to, so as to, to INF
• This ALLOWS / CAUSES it TO occur // PREVENTS it
  FROM occurring

3
TRANSLATION

• GREAT/LARGE AMOUNTS OF ELECTRICITY CANNOT BE
  GENERATED UNLESS ) a coil rotates in a magnetic
  field
• that IS DONE BY MEANS OF/WITH A TURBINE
  connected to a generator
• The turbine converts the kinetic or thermal
  energy of a flowing fluid INTO useful rotational
  energy
• A generator contains the stator, WHICH IS THE
  MAGNET and a rotor, WHICH IS THE COIL
• WHEN/AS THE ROTOR TURNS the wires cut the lines
  of force in the magnetic field of the stator
• PRODUCING AN ALTERNATING CURRENT
• The enormous size of modern generators and the
  speed AT WHICH the rotor can turn mean that
  electric power of very high voltage can be
  produced
• AS MUCH AS HALF A MILLION VOLTS can be
  transmitted over high voltage lines to
  substations
• IN WHICH THE VOLTAGE IS REDUCED WITH / BY (MEANS
  OF THE USE OF) USING TRANSFORMERS

4
TRANSLATION

• The rotor is turned BY/ BY MEANS OF / WITH a
  turbine,
• a huge machine moved by water or STEAM IN POWER
  PLANTS
• ACCORDING TO/DEPENDING ON THE SOURCE OF ENERGY
  USED to move the turbine
• By far, the most important sources of power are
  those produced by THE CHEMICAL ENERGY OF/FROM
  FOSSIL FUELS, LIKE/SUCH AS OIL OR COAL , nuclear
  energy and the potential energy of waterfalls.
• Fossil-fueled power plants contain a boiler WHICH
  WORKS LIKE a big kettle.
• AFTER BEING HEATED (UP) TO A CERTAIN TEMPERATURE,
  the steam is passed through small holes,
  increasing the speed of the water molecules
• The fast moving molecules hit the blades of the
  turbine and MAKE IT (THEM) TURN .

5
VIDEO Coal PP (Utube 0-150)

• Where is half of worlds electricity generated?
  In coal power plants
• How many are there in the world? Close to 3,000
  large coal PP
• How this controversial yet indispensable PP
  works, i.e. how to convert the energy stored in
  the COAL to ELECTRICITY
• To increase burning efficiency a POWDERED COAL
  and air MIXTURE enters the furnace
• During the burning process the chemical energy
  stored in the coal is released as heat to create
  high temperatures inside the furnace.
• This heat passes to the water inside the coils
  located in the furnace.
• The hot water is then forced to move to the
  boiler where it evaporates and generates
  high-pressure steam.
• The high-pressure steam is taken to the steam
  turbine
• The energy inside the steam is converted into
  mechanical energy.
• This mechanical energy is then transferred to the
  generator where it will be converted into
  electricity
• The generated electricity is finally transferred
  to the grid through a transformer and is ready to
  be consumed by the public

6
ACTIVE vs PASSIVE

• Passive voice
•  The agent (doer) of the action is NOT IMPORTANT
  or UNKNOWN
• To EMPHASIZE the first part of the sentence
• Typical VOICE in TECNICAL ENGLISH, particularly
  when describing processes.
• The pyramids were built thousands of years ago.
• The samples were analysed in the laboratory
• The mixture is fed into the pulveriser.
• NOTE
• - Some verbs have NO PASSIVE (intransitive,
  impersonal) e.g. RAIN, AGREE, APPEAR, ARRIVE,
  OCCUR, HAPPEN, BECOME, RISE, BELONG, CONSIST
  (of), DEPEND, EXIST, DIE, FALL, LIVE, WAIT, HAVE,
  modals (CAN, MAY, MUST)
• Be careful with Spanish expression se vb
• e.g. se lava las manos he washes his hands
• los polos se atraen the poles attract each
  other
• The reaction spreads out very quickly
• Placement of SUBJECT (with vbs like THINK,
  BELIEVE, CONSIDER, ESTIMATE, REQUEST )
• The atom was thought to be the smallest particle
  
• Students are requested to register in the
  university website
• Renewable energy is believed to be the answer to
  climate change

7
PASSIVE VOICE

• Past Part of MAIN VERB.

• TO BE (changing verb)

• DEVELOPED

• The system ..
• PRESENT IS
• PRESENT CONT IS BEING
• PAST WAS (WERE)
• PRESENT PERFECT HAS (HAVE) BEEN
• PAST PERFECT HAD BEEN
• WITH MODAL VB CAN/MUST BE
• WILL / SHOULD BE
• GERUND BEING
• PAST PARTICIPLE BEEN

• AGENT BY (por) The system was developed BY
  the engineers of the plant
• if an object BY / BY MEANS OF / USING / WITH
  The system was developed BY MEANS OF / USING a
  new technique

8
VERB TENSES

• Nuclear energy is the energy RELEASED through the
  fission or fusion of atomic nuclei.
• In the process KNOWN AS nuclear fusion two light
  atoms join together UNDER conditions of extreme
  HEAT and PRESSURE (at LEAST 50,000,000 degrees
  Celsius) until they merge, forming a new nucleus
  WHOSE mass is only slightly smaller THAN the
  total masses of the nuclei that FUSE together.
• The opposite process is nuclear FISSION which
  MEANS splitting apart or dividing.
• If either nuclear fusion or fission TAKES place
  quickly, the result is a sudden release of ENERGY
  but so far the only one THAT can BE SLOWED down
  and CONTROLLED is fission.

9
VERB TENSES

• However, only a few elements are suitable FOR
  use.
• When one of THESE elements is STRUCK by a free
  neutron, IT SPLITS / BREAKS/ IS BROKEN down
  INTO two lighter nuclei, WHICH fly apart AT high
  speeds, colliding WITH surrounding atoms.
• This kinetic energy IS CONVERTED INTO heat.
• AT the same time, two or three more neutrons ARE
  RELEASED and one of THEM enters the nucleus of a
  neighbouring atom, causing fission TO OCCUR
  again,.
• The reaction SPREADS very quickly with more and
  more energy RELEASED.
• This IS REFERRED to as A chain reaction because
  the splitting of each nucleus IS LINKED to
  another.

10
VERB TENSES

• If this reaction IS UNCONTROLLED, the result is
  an atomic explosion like THAT/THE ONE CAUSED by
  the atomic bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
• However, the reaction can BE SLOWED down and that
  is WHAT happens in a nuclear reactor or pile.
• Here the highly fissile material IS SURROUNDED BY
  a substance that is non-fissile, FOR instance,
  graphite.
• This material IS CALLED A moderator.
• The neutrons LOSE some of THEIR energy through
  COLLIDING with the atoms of the moderator and no
  expansion IS PRODUCED .
• by SLOWING down the speed of the free neutrons,
  IT makes it . collide WITH the nucleus of a
  neighbouring atom to continue the chain REACTION

11
VERB TENSES

• The major advantage of nuclear energy is that it
  DOES NOT DEPEND ON any local factors.
• A nuclear reactor, UNLIKE conventional power
  plants, DOES not have TO BE BUILT near a
  fossil-fuel source, nor does it depend ON a large
  flow of water WHICH may BE REDUCED during some
  seasons of the year.

12
VERBS (regularirregular)

• TO DRAW
• DREW DRAWN
• TO SPREAD
• SPREAD SPREAD
• TO RAISE
• RAISED
• TO BUILD
• BUILT BUILT
• TO SPEND
• SPENT SPENT
• TO FIND
• FOUND FOUND
• TO MAKE
• MADE MADE
• TO SUPPLY
• SUPPLIED

• TO THROW
• THREW THROWN
• TO WRITE
• WROTE WRITTEN
• TO RISE
• ROSE RISEN
• TO HOLD
• HELD HELD
• TO BREAK
• BROKE BROKEN
• TO PUT
• PUT PUT
• TO BRING
• BROUGHT BROUGHT
• TO GIVE
• GAVE GIVEN

13
VERBS (regularirregular)

• TO KNOW
• KNEW KNOWN
• TO SHOW
• SHOWED SHOWN
• TO LEAVE
• LEFT LEFT
• TO STRIKE
• STRUCK STRUCK
• TO LET
• LET LET
• TO SEE
• SAW SEEN
• TO CUT
• CUT CUT
• TO LEAD
• LED LED

• TO TAKE
• TOOK TAKEN
• TO SPLIT
• SPLIT SPLIT
• TO WIND
• WOUND WOUND
• TO FEED
• FED FED
• TO SET
• SET SET
• TO DRIVE
• DROVE DRIVEN
• TO ALLOW
• ALLOWED
• TO FLOW
• FLOWED

14
VIDEO Nuclear reactor

• URANIUM
• the exact SIZE that is USED in the fuel rods.
• This TINY pellet CONTAINS more ENERGY than 6 car
  loads of coal.
• We have 20 MILLION of these pellets INSIDE the
  reactor vessel.
• We call it the CORE.
• Around the core, of course, there is WATER.
• WATER is used as a COOLANT.
• Now, another set of rods called the CONTROL
  RODS.
• These rods actually control the NUCLEAR REACTION.
  
• What happens is this . that is when it is
  ACTIVATED,
• with them gone, the NUCLEAR FUEL sets up a CHAIN
  REACTION
• that PRODUCES a tremendous AMOUNT of HEAT,
• that BOILS the WATER,
• that turns to STEAM,
• that TURNS the TURBINE,
• that turns the GENERATOR, that PRODUCES
  ELECTRICITY.

15
GRAMMAR REVISION THE NUCLEAR REACTOR

• place IN which a fission NUCLEAR reaction TAKES
  place.
• It contains in THE form of rods to produce the
  appropriate result.
• The reactor consists OF a fuel, a moderator and A
  cooling system.
• An instrument neutron WHICH strikes the nucleus
  of an atom of U-235.
• The nucleus which collide WITH other nuclei and
  split, and so on.
• However, if no explosion occurs IT is because is
  moderated BY a non-fissionable material such AS
  graphite or heavy water.
• This absorbs most OF the free neutrons and
  prevents them FROM splitting too MANY nuclei too
  quickly.
• The process releases great AMOUNTS of energy in
  the form of heat.
• This heat .produced can be USED to generate
  electric power.
• As the fuel during ITS use inside the reactor,
  when IT is taken , IT is stored in the fuel
  pools, , in general more THAN a year, before
  sending IT to the processing plant.

16
LISTENING comparison of fuels

• about different fuels and processes. Weve been
  told that nuclear power is more efficient than
  conventional fossil fuels and we know that fossil
  fuels are limited.
• -Conventional fossil fuels, i.e., oil, coal and
  gas, and nuclear fuels, i.e., uranium and
  plutonium.
• -different nuclear reactors and different
  conventional processes.
• -Say a bucket holds 10 kg
• Lets look at the 2 million Kw power station.
• 2 million kw make 2,000 megawatts
• Thats nuclear fuel
• which converts all the matter in this fuel into
  energy.
• it may last 8 ½ years. In fact, .. with the
  hydrogen fusion reactor.
• Only two weeks
• - The next process is a fast reactor. . natural
  uranium.
• After three days. Now lets look at conventional
  fossil fuels, shall we? . One hour?
• -it will last 1/18th of a second. And the same
  goes with coal.
• -In Europe, France, and then West Germany.