NATS%20101%20Lecture%2035%20Penultimate%20Day%20Review

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NATS 101Lecture 35Penultimate Day Review

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Quiz Answer Keys

• Answer keys for all of the quizzes (except the
  upcoming one!) will be posted on the homepage
  sometime this afternoon.
• The old quizzes are very useful study guide since
  40 questions on the Final Exam will be verbatim
  copies of prior quiz questions.
• And speaking of the Final Exam

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Final Exam Exemptions

• During class on Wednesday, 7 Dec 2005, written
  statements will be issued to students who earned
  an exemption from the final per criteria in the
  course syllabus.
• To qualify for an exception, a student must have
  accumulated a total of 126 or more correct
  answers on all of their in class quizzes and pop
  quizzes.
• 90 ? 140 (7 quizzes ? 20 questions) 126!

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Final Exam Exemptions

• The student must attend class on that day to
  receive their written exemption.
• This will be only time and place that exemptions
  will be issued.
• While this might seem overly intolerant, it
  keeps the situation manageable for me.
• No Show Wednesday No Exemption!

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Final Exam Exemptions

• In lieu of taking the final exam, a qualified
  student can chose to hand in their exception
  statement with their signature immediately
  following class on 7 Dec 2005.
• This is the only procedure that a student can use
  to cash in their exemption.
• NO EXCEPTIONS!
• (So PleaseDont Even Ask)

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Final Exam Exemptions

• A tally of those students who qualify for an
  exemption will be complete by next class.
• If you believe you have qualified for an
  exception but your name is not announced next
  class, then you must prove the mistake.
• You do this by coming to my office ASAP.
• Bring all of your graded quizzes. I can then
  verify if a mistake was made and issue, if
  needed, an exception (and apology!).

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How to Challenge Your Final Grade

• Keep all of your graded quizzes until the
  beginning of next term. Why?
• It is your only proof that a mistake was made on
  your final grade.
• It is your burden to prove a mistake.

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How to Challenge Your Final Grade

• If you believe a mistake was made, then come to
  my office early next semester and bring all of
  your graded quizzes.
• I can then verify whether mistake was made and
  issue, if necessary, a grade change and a major
  suck-up apology!

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Review Topics Chapter 1

• Weather Maps
• Surface Plots/Maps
• Upper Air Plots/Maps
• Atmospheric Composition
• Primary Gases
• Trace Gases
• Vertical Structure
• Height ? Pressure, Density, Temperature
• Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, etc.

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Review Topics Chapter 2 and 3

• Temperature
• Scales, Molecular Meaning
• Heat Transfer
• Conduction, Convection, Radiation
• Radiation
• Wiens Law, Stephan-Boltzmann Law
• Greenhouse Effect
• Selective absorption and emission

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Review Topics Chapter 2 and 3

• Diurnal Temperature Range
• Time of Maximum and Minimum
• Heat Balance Relationships and Time Lag
• Seasons
• Primary Cause Tilt of Earths Axis
• Length of Day, Beam Spreading
• Heat Balance and Time Lag

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Review Topics Chapter 4

• Moisture
• Partial Pressure, Saturation Vapor Pressure
• How Water Vapor is Measured and Parameters
• How Condensation Occurs
• Latent Heat Release
• Clouds
• Fog Types and Mechanisms
• Cloud Types Height and Vertical Development

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Review Topics Chapter 5

• Stability
• Stable, Unstable, Conditionally Unstable
• Dry and Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rates,
• Environmental Lapse Rate and Stability
• Precipitation Processes
• Collision-Coalescence, Warm Clouds
• Ice Crystal Process, Mixed Clouds
• Accretion (Riming)-Splintering-Aggregation
• Rain, Freezing Rain, Sleet, Snow

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Review Topics Chapter 6

• Atmospheric Pressure
• Ideal Gas Law
• Reduction of Surface Pressure to Sea Level
• Surface Maps, Upper Air Maps
• Surface ? Isobars at Mean Sea Level
• Upper Air ? Heights of Isobaric Surfaces

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Review Topics Chapter 6

• Newton Law
• Accelerated Frame of Reference
• Coriolis Force
• Geostrophic Balance and Winds
• Surface Winds, Vertical Motion
• Friction
• Curved Flow ? Gradient Wind
• Divergence-Convergence ?Vertical Motion

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Review Topics Chapter 7

• Diurnal Winds
• Land-Sea Breeze
• Mountain-Valley Breeze
• Thermally Direct Circulation
• Monsoons Annual Reversal Wind
• Analogue of Land-Sea Breeze
• Asia Monsoon Strongest
• Mexican Monsoon
• Thermally Direct Circulation

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Review Topics Chapter 7

• Global Circulation
• Equator-Pole Temperature Difference
• Thermally Direct Circulation
• 3-Cell Circulation ? Earths Rotation
• Hadley, Ferrell, Polar
• Relation to Climate Zones
• Air-Sea Interactions
• Upwelling
• El Nino

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Review Topics Chapter 8

• Air Masses
• Classified by Source Region
• Continental-Maritime, Tropics-Polar
• Characteristic Weather
• Fronts
• Types Cold, Warm, Stationary, Occluded
• Characteristic Weather and Structure

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Review Topics Chapter 8

• Midlatitude Cyclones
• Caused by Temperature Gradients
• Role of Upper-Level Divergence
• Structure
• Trough tilts toward the west with increasing
  height

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Review Topics Chapter 9

• Weather Forecasting
• Simple Types
• Persistence, Trend, Analog Climatology
• Numerical Weather Prediction
• Computer models
• Why all Forecasts Go Awry
• NWP shortcomings
• Chaos

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Review Topics Chapter 10

• Thunderstorms
• Types Air Mass, Severe, Supercell
• Role of Downdraft
• Climatology
• Lightning and Thunder
• In-Cloud versus Cloud-to-Ground
• Sequence for Cloud-to-Ground Stroke
• Cause of Thunder
• Speed of Sound

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Review Topics Chapter 10

• Tornadoes
• Cause
• Tilting of Rotation from horizontal to vertical
  axis
• Characteristic Weather
• Climatology
• Damage

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Review Topics Chapter 11

• Hurricanes
• Cause Energy from Warm Ocean
• Structure
• Development Sequence
• Climatology
• Damage
• Winds, Rain Flooding, Coastal Storm Surge

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Review Topics Chapter 12

• Air Pollution
• Primary Pollutants
• CO, NO, SO2, VOCs, PM
• Secondary Pollutants
• H2SO4, NHO3, NO2, O3, SMOG
• Pollution Weather
• Inversion, Weak Winds, Sunny, Hot
• Ventilation Factor
• Acid Rain
• pH Rain (5.6 Pristine)

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Review Topics Chapter 12

• Ozone Hole
• Natural balance of stratospheric ozone
• How CFC s disrupt balance- chlorine atoms
• CFC Sources, Resident Time
• Special conditions exist in Antarctica
• Annual cycle of Ozone Hole

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Review Topics Chapter 14

• Natural Climate Variability
• Climate always changes
• Use proxy data to reconstruct past climate
• CO2-temperature relationship
• Mechanisms of climate change
• Milankovich Theory of Ice Ages
• Continental Drift on Geologic Time Scales
• Complexity of climate
• Positive and Negative Feedback

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Review Topics Chapter 14

• Anthroprogenic Climate Variability
• Confident of warming past 150 years
• How much (if any) is man-made?
• Mechanism CO2 and Greenhouse effect
• Use climate models to produce future climates
• 1 per annum CO2 increases produce
• 2C temperature rise
• Precipitation much more uncertain
• Key policy and planning questions?

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Assignment Next Lecture

• Announce Final Exemptions
• Overview of Final Exam
• Information on What Score on Final is Needed to
  Improve Course Grade?
• Student Course Evaluations