China:

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China Mongol to Ming
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(No Transcript)
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Mongolian Steppes
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Xinjiang Region Typical Uygher Mongol Yurt
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Mongol Invasions
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Mongol Warriors
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Mongol Archer
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Gold Saddle Arch Mongols, 13c
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Gold Saddle, Front View Mongols, 13c
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The MONGOLS Golden Horde

• Temujin --gt Genghis Khan Universal Ruler
• 1162 - 1227
• from the steppe dry, grass-covered plains of
  Central Asia

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The MONGOLS Golden Horde

• Genghis Khans Tax Laws
• If you do not pay homage, we will take your
  prosperity.
• If you do not have prosperity, we will take your
  children.
• If you do not have children, we will take your
  wife.
• If you do not have a wife, we will take your
  head.
• Used cruelty as a weapon --gt some areas never
  recovered from Mongol destruction!

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Mongol Nobleman, late 13c
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Robe of a Mongol Nobleman, early 14c
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Yuan Golden Bowl, 13c
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The Extent of the Mongol Empire
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Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E.

• Kublai Khan r. 1260-1294
• Pax Mongolica Mongol Peace
• Tolerated Chinese culturebut lived apart from
  them. ?
• No Chinese in top govt. posts.
• Believed foreigner were moretrustworthy.
• Encouraged foreign trade foreign merchants to
  live and work in China.
• Marco Polo

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Marco Polo (1254-1324)

• A Venetian merchant.
• Traveled through YuanChina 1271-1295
• Black Stones coal
• Gunpowder.
• Noodles.

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Marco Polos Travels
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Yuan Porcelains Ceramics
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Yuan Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E.

• The Black Plague was spread by the Mongols in
  the mid-14c.
• Sent fleets against Japan.
• 1281 --gt 150,000 warriors
• Defeated by kamikazi winds of the gods ?
• Kublai Khan experienced several humiliating
  defeats in Southeast Asia late in his life.

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Chinas last native imperial dynasty!
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The Forbidden City Chinas New Capital
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Revived the Civil Service Exam
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Ming Cultural Revolution

• Printing Literacy
• Cheap, popular books
• woodblock printing.
• cheap paper.
• Examination system.
• Leads to explosion in literacy. ?
• Leads to further popularization of the commercial
  market.

• Culture Art
• Increased literacy leads to increased interest in
  cultural expressions, ideas, and things
• Opera.
• Literature.
• Painting.
• Ceramics.

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Ming Silver Market

• Spanish Silver Convoys
• Triangle route
• Philippines to China to Japan.
• Silver floods Chinese Market
• Causes devaluation of currency recession
• Adds to reasons for Chinese immigration overseas.
• Reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe
• Increases interest in Chinese culture ideas in
  Europe.
• Helps fund conquest of New World ?
• Encourages Europeans in conquest trade.

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Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644 C.E.

• Golden Age of Chinese Art
• Moderation
• Softness
• Gracefulness
• Three different schools ofpainting developed.
• Hundreds of thousands ofworkers constructed
  theForbidden City.

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Ming Emperor Tai Zu (r. 1368-1398)
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The Tribute System
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Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)

• Ming Treasure Fleet
• Each ship 400 long 160 wide
• Chinas Columbus? ?

1371-1435
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Admiral Zheng Hes Voyages

• First Voyage 1405-1407 62 ships 27,800 men.
• Second Voyage 1407-1409 Ho didnt go on this
  trip.
• Third Voyage 1409-1411 48 ships 30,000 men.
• Fourth Voyage 1413-1415 63 ships 28,500 men.
• Fifth Voyage 1417-1419
• Sixth Voyage 1421-1422
• Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and
  ordered ship builders and sailors to stop work.
• Seventh Voyage 1431-1433
• Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to
  restore peaceful relations with Malacca Siam
• 100 ships and 27,500 men Cheng Ho died on the
  return trip.

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• 1498 --gt Da Gama reached Calcutta, Chinas
  favorite port.

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Ming Porcelain / Ceramics, 17c18c
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Ming Vases, 18c
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Ming Carved Lacquer Dish 15c
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Ming Scroll PaintingTravellers in Autumn
Mountains
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Ming Painting Taoist Scholar
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Ming Painting Birds and Flowers, 16c
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Ming Painting and Calligraphy, early 16c
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Imperial Chinas Impact on History

• Removed religion from morality.
• Beginnings of political philosophy through which
  a ruler must prove he/she is legitimate.
• Mandate of Heaven
• Secular law.
• Valued history --gt The Dynastic Cycle