Food, Soil

1
Chapter 10

• Food, Soil
• Pest Management

2
Food Sources

• Cropland 77
• 30,000 plant species
• Wheat, rice corn
• Rangeland 16
• Beef, pork, sheep poultry
• Products such as milk, eggs cheese
• Oceanic fisheries 7
• Fish shellfish

3
Major Types of Food Production

• Industrial agriculture
• Use of fossil fuels, fertilizers pesticides
• Plantation agriculture
• Tropical countries, mostly for export
• Cash crop like bananas, cocoa, coffee, etc.
• Traditional agriculture (42 world uses this
  form)
• Subsistence agricultural enough plants
  animals to sustain self family (human labor)
• Intensive agricultural enough for family and
  for sale

4
Green Revolution

• Increase yield/unit area of cropland
• Develop plant monocultures of selectively bred
  or genetically engineered
• First green revolution (50-70s)
• High yields by large inputs of fertilizers,
  pesticides water
• Produce more food on less land (1967)
• Increase number of crops/year on a plot by
  multiple cropping (8 of world oil)

5
Soil Erosion

• Desertification
• Productive potential of dry lands falls by 10
• Human activities that reduce or degrade topsoil
• Salinization
• Waterlogging

6
International Agencies

• UN Food Agricultural Organization -(FAO)
• World Health Organization - (WHO)
• United Nations Children's Fund - (UNICEF)

7
Malnutrition

• 1 out of every 6 people in developing countries
  suffer from malnutrition
• 9 million people died last year due to
  malnutrition related death
• Malnutrition starvation
• Infectious disease from poor drinking water
• Poor health condition

8
Life-saving Programs

• Immunization
• Encourage breast feeding
• Prevent dehydration
• Provide Vitamin A to prevent blindness
• Provide family planning measures
• Educate on health sanitary methods

9
Over-nutrition

• Overweight - 10 to 30 lbs. above healthy body
  weight
• Obese 30 lbs. over healthy body weight
• Caused by
• Too many calories
• Too little exercise
• Genetic disorders
• Prone to disease, lower life expectancy lower
  productivity

10
The Meat We Eat

• High quality protein
• Overgrazing can limit livestock destroy the
  environment
• Riparian rich land along the stream beds
• 65-75 of wildlife in the US depend solely on
  riparian habitats
• 80 of riparian are damaged by livestock
• Most of the rangeland in the US is out west

11
Slaughterhouses

• Meat is general sent to US inspected
  slaughterhouses
• Mad Cow Disease
• Vitamins antibiotics are accumulated in tissues
  and organs
• Pesticides toxins accumulate in the fat of
  animals

12
Harvesting Fish

• Fish-farms cages
• Trawling nets
• Long-line fishing with hooks
• Drift netting
• Purse seine fishing

13
Overfishing Habitat Degradation

• Fish are a renewable resource
• Sustainable yield amount withdrawn from the
  habitat amount reproduced
• Too little breed stock
• Non-target species are caught and killed or used
  for chum

14
Genetic Engineering

• Phase 1 modify the gene grow in tissue
  culture
• Phase 2 make transgenic cells inject into
  plant cells
• Phase 3 grow plants to harvest

15
Aquaculture

• 33 of the worlds fish harvest is from
  aquaculture
• Fish-ranching - holding species captive for
  growth releasing them to spawn
• Fish-farming grown in captivity with fish meal
  as their food source
• Fresh water - ponds - salmon
• Salt water - coastal lagoons shrimp

16
Government Control

• Keep food prices artificially low
• Give subsides to farmers to keep them in business
  and increase food production
• One philosophy is to remove controls and let
  farmers fishing industry respond to market
  trends

17
Pesticides

• Chemical used to control infestation of food
  crops
• Insecticides
• Herbicides
• Fungicides
• Nematocides
• Rodenticides

18
SUSTAINABILITY

• How can we stabilize our food to become more
  sustainable?

19
Biodiversity