Modern India

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Modern India

• 1947 to the Present

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Indian Languages
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Indian History

• Indus River Valley
• Fertile river valley
• 1st Indian Civilization
• Peninsula surrounded by water
• Himalayas in the North
• Monsoons seasonal winds droughts/ flooding
• Isolation
• Ganges River Sacred River to Hinduism

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Indus Valley Cities

• Harrappa and Mohenjo-Daro
• Laid out in a grid
• Mostly farmers
• Aryan invaders 1750 BC
• Vedic Age 1500 BC to 500 BC
• Vedas Sacred Writings/ Aryans
• Blending of Dravidians and Aryans

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Mauryan Empire

• 1st united Indian Empire
• Well organized govt
• Rule was harsh
• Chandragupta 1st leader
• Grandson Asoka turned to Buddhism
• Tried to spread Buddhism
• Peaceful rule

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Hinduism

• Terms
• Brahman universal spirit
• Reincarnation rebirth of the soul into a new
  body
• Karma deeds/actions of a person
• Dharma responsibilities of a person
• Ahisma non violence

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Hinduism

• Religious Indian Literature
• Provide moral guidelines for living behavior
• Upanishads
• The Ramayan
• Bhagavad Gita
• The Vedas

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The Caste System

• Hindu beliefs of karma and dharma support the
  caste system
• Difficult to change
• Social groups/ born into/cant change during
  lifetime
• Determines marriage, friends, food, occupation,
  where you live

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The Caste System

• Orders Indian Society
• Limits social and economic progress
• Discrimination against untouchables
• Members need to know responsibilities (dharma)

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Buddhism

• Founder Siddharta Gautama
• Buddha the Enlightened one
• Ultimate goal is nirvana
• The Four Noble Truths
• All life is suffering
• Suffering is caused by desire
• Eliminate suffering by eliminating desires
• Follow the eightfold path to overcome desires.

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Comparisons between Buddhism and Hinduism

• Share belief in karma, dharma, and reincarnation
• Buddhism rejects the caste system
• Rejects many of the Hindu gods and priesthood

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Gupta Empire

• Contributions
• Zero and decimal system
• Arabic numerals
• Medicine small pox vaccinations
• Architecture stupas

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British Imperialism

• Sepoy Rebellion
• Indian National Congress
• Gandhi
• Differences in language and religion prevented
  unity

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Imperialism

• Positives
• Railroads
• Telegraph and postal systems
• Irrigation systems
• New laws
• Education
• Healthcare
• New technology
• Parliamentary form of govt

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Imperialism

• Negatives
• Indian resources go to Britain
• Cash crops
• British made goods replace local goods
• Top jobs go to British
• Indians are treated as inferiors
• Britain tries to replace Indian culture with
  western ways
• Social Darwinism and the White Mans Burden

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Rowlatt Act and the Amritsar Massacre

• Over 1 million Indians enlisted in the British
  Army in WWI with the promise of eventual self
  rule.
• Treated as second class citizens after the war.
• Rowlatt Act allowed the British to jail
  protestors without trial for as long as two
  years.
• Western Educated Indians felt this violated their
  individual rights.
• Violent protests in Punjab
• 10,000 Hindus and Muslims flocked to Amritsar for
  a festival and peaceful protest.
• British Troops open fire for 10 minutes
• 400 Indians were killed and 1200 were wounded

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Amritsar Massacre

• Over night loyal British Subjects became
  revolutionaries.
• Rise of Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the
  independence movement.

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Gandhi

• Hindu leader of the Indian National Congress
• Encouraged use of passive resistance, civil
  disobedience, boycotts non violence against the
  British
• Salt march to defy British tax on salt
• Against mistreatment of untouchables and women
• Favored Indian production of homespun textiles

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• Next he protested against the English Salt Tax.
• Here he leads his fellow freedom fighters on a
  march to the sea to make their own salt from sea
  water instead of buying the expensive English
  salt with its extra tax.
• The English army beat up Gandhi and his followers
  and threw them in jail when they tried to make
  their own salt from the sea.
• But Gandhi and his friends kept coming back and
  back until the English gave up.

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1942spinning

• Gandhi was inspired by Ruskins ideal of
  self-reliance
• He taught Indians to provide for themselves and
  not depend on the British
• The spinning wheel became the symbol of
  independence, and was used on the flag of the
  Indian National Congress.

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Gandhi Impact

• Leadership led to Indian Independence
• Beginning of changes in treatment of untouchables
  and women
• Others began to follow the nonviolence approach

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Partition and bloodshed

• 1946 violence Muslims vs. Hindus
• Four days 5 thousand killed
• Muslims wanted own nation
• British partition India in 1947
• India Mostly Hindu
• East and West Pakistan mostly Muslim

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Summer 1947 Rivers of Blood

• 10 million people on the move
• Hindus leave Pakistan
• Muslims leave India
• Sikhs to East Punjab part of India
• 1 million die including Gandhi

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The Battle for Kashmir

• Northern part of India next to Pakistan
• Hindu ruler
• Majority of people Muslim
• War
• UN gives a 1/3 to Pakistan 2/3rds to India
• Both countries continue to fight over Kashmir
  today

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1947 Worlds largest Democracy

• Jawaharial Nehru 1st Prime Minister
• Emphasized democracy, unity and economic
  modernization
• Government based on British Model
• Non aligned nation took aid from US and USSR
• Socialist economy

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Green Revolution

• Use of modern fertilizers
• Use of modern technology
• Use of modern seeds
• To increase Food Production Very Successful

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Political Violence

• Sikh Extremists took over The Golden temple at
  Amritsar (1984)
• Want own country
• Indira Gandhi sends in troops 500 Sikhs killed
• Sikhs kill Indira Gandhi
• Political violence widespread

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21st Century Challenges

• Unstable nation
• Unchecked population growth
• Religious instability violence among Hindus,
  Sikhs and Muslims
• Social Inequality
• India vs Pakistan both have Nuclear Weapons
• New Leader Atal Bihari Vajpayee

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India Facts

• India is one of the ten nuclear state in the
  world
• Has a labor force of over 509 million, 60 of
  which is employed in agriculture and related
  industries
• India is the second most populous country, and
  the
• most populous democracy in the world.
• It is the worlds 4th largest economy in terms
  of purchasing power.

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• Environment - current issues
• deforestation
• soil erosion
• overgrazing
• desertification
• vehicle emissions
• water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of
  agricultural
• pesticides
• tap water is not potable throughout the country
• huge and growing population is overstraining
  natural resources

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Review India

• Gandhi against partition of India at Independence
  
• Gandhi wanted Muslims and Hindus to live together
• Civil unrest, ethnic rivalries, religious
  violence.

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Modern India
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Pakistan Copes With Freedom

• 1947 Separated and divided states of East and
  West Pakistan
• East Pakistan Larger population
• West Pakistan seat of government ignored the East
• 1971 Civil War East Pakistan Bangladesh
• Million people die
• Major cultural and economic differences caused
  East Pakistan to become Bangladesh

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Pakistan

• Series of Military governments ruled for many
  years
• Benazir Bhutto elected Prime Minister twicegt
  Importance She is a woman
• Pakistan is a Islamic State
• Military leader now rules Pakistan/ Allied with US

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Bangledesh

• Very Poor nation per capital income is 360 per
  year.
• Crippling natural disasters
• Low lying country subject to
  cyclones and tidal waves
• Massive storms regularly destroy crops, land and
  kill people
• Cyclone in 1991 killed 139,000 people

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Sri Lanka

• Off the southeast coast of India
• ¾ of the people are Sinhalese, who are Buddhists.
• 1/5 are Tamils who are Hindus.
• Tamils want their independence from the Sinhalese