Thermoregulation

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Thermoregulation
by air
by sunlight
direct contact
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Ecto/Endotherms

• Differences are based on source of body heat
• Which has a higher metabolic rate at cold
  temperatures, ectotherms or endotherms?
• Endotherms

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Mechanisms of Thermoregulation

• Insulation
• Circulatory adaptations (vasodilatation when very
  hot and vasoconstriction when cold)
• Arteries and veins run countercurrent
• Evaporative heat loss
• Behavioral responses
• Endotherms can regulate metabolic heat production

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Skin Provides Protection and Thermoregulation
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Transport Epithelia

• What is the importance of transport epithelia to
  the process of osmoregulation?
• Form selectively permeable barrier
• Regulate solute movements
• e.g. salt excreting glands in birds
• Why are most transport epithelia arranged in
  tubular networks?
• Increase surface area

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Salt-Excreting Glands in Marine Birds
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Osmoregulation- How animals regulate
solute concentrations and balance the gain and
loss of water
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• Osmoconformers are isotonic with environment Ex
  most marine inverts
• Osmoregulators adjust internal osmolarity Ex
  marine vertebrates and some marine inverts
• Water balance on land involves adaptations to
  conserve water.

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Flatworm (Planaria)
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Earthworm Metanephridia
Metanephridium
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Malpighian Tubules of Insects
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Variation in Nitrogenous Wastes
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Excretory Organs
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Kidney Cross Section
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Nephron Structure
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Nephron Structure
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Reabsorption
Filtration
Secretion
Secretion
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Proximal Convoluted Tubule high pressure
filters H2O, urea, vitamins, salts, and glucose
into Bowmans Capsule from the glomerulus where
most reabsorption occurs into peritubular
capillaries secretion of H and NH3 occurs
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Loop of Henle - creates high concentration of
NaCl promoting the reabsorption of H2O
countercurrent flow leads to a more concentrated
urine
Distal Convoluted Tubule regulates K and NaCl
concentration toxic wastes reabsorbed into the
filtrate forming urine
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Osmolarity increases as solutes become more
concentrated in millosmoles (moles of solute/L
of solution)
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