CHINA

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CHINA
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Geography

• After the Han Dynasty collapsed, China split into
  several rival kingdoms.
• This led to
• nomadic people settling in Northern China.
  Because of this settlement, the culture of the
  nomads and the traditional Chinese mixed.
• Some northern Chinese did not like the nomads and
  moved south. This led to a blending in the south
  of northern Chinese and southern Chinese
  cultures.
• A change in culture new types of art and music,
  new foods and clothing styles.
• This new blended culture spread over a wider
  geographic area than ever before, as a result
  more people identify themselves as Chinese.

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Changes in Agriculture

• Movement of farmers to the fertile basins of the
  Chang Jiang river in southern China (from NORTH
  TO SOUTH)
• Attacks by the Mongols drove many landowners from
  the north to the south.

• Reasons for
• Agricultural
• Changes

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• Reasons for
• Agricultural
• Changes cont

• The move south changed what was grown. It was
  wetter and warmer
• RICE
• A new kind of rice is brought to china during the
  11th century
• Drought resistant
• Matured in 2 months instead of 5

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• Reasons for
• Agricultural
• Changes cont

• New and better farming techniques and tools
  (write 2)
• Plow and harrow
• Fertilizer used to produce larger crops
• Chain pump
• Terraces
• All of these improvements led to increased crop
  yield.

AMOUNT OF CROPS GO UP!!!!
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• Characteristics
• of the New
• Agriculture

• Terraced hillsides
• Rice paddies where rice is planted/harvested by
  hand
• Irrigation dams, dikes, gated channels and
  chain pumps
• Also grew tea, cotton and sugar.

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CHINA DEVELOPS A NEW ECONOMY
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• Food production was increased!!
• This helped to support a larger population and
  Chinas population grew to more than 100 million
  people.
• Peasants could take time away from farming to
  make silk, cotton, cloth and other products to
  sell or trade.
• Farmers could market surplus rice
• Landowners could buy luxury items
• All led to the growth of trade and commerce.

• Results of
• Agricultural
• Changes

Population goes up
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The Growth of Trade and Commerce

• Reasons for
• Growth in
• Trade and
• Commerce

• Imports foods, plants, wool, glass, gold,
  silver
• Exports teas, rice, spices, jade, silk,
  porcelain
• Wealthy landowners were eager to buy luxuries
• Water transportation
• Rivers
• Grand Canal
• Improvements in navigation
• Magnetic compass
• Paper money (currency)

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THE GRAND CANAL
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• Characteristics
• Of Chinas
• Commercial
• Growth

• Canals crowded with barges carrying goods
• Peasants come to town to sell their surplus
• Merchants have set up shops
• Deposit shops where copper coins are traded
  for paper money
• Paper money has no value itself. If there is too
  much in circulation it loses its value.

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• Results of
• Growth in
• Trade and
• Commerce

• Resulted in the growth of the merchant class
• Business activity brought increased prosperity
  giving China the highest standard of living
• Commercial centers grew into big cities -
  URBANIZATION

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Urbanization

• Reasons for the growth of cities

• The growth of commerce encouraged people to move
  to cities and towns
• Wealthy landowners left their farms because they
  liked the shops and social life of the cities.
• Changan was Chinas capital during the Tang
  Dynasty and was a trade center.
• It was the largest city in the world at that time.

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• Characteristics
• of Cities

• Crowded and exciting
• Streets filled with shops, merchants,
  moneylenders, and traders
• Entertainment
• Musicians
• Jugglers
• Acrobats
• Puppeteers
• Theaters, restaurants, teahouses
• Food vendors

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• Results of
• Urbanization

• Changed the way ordinary Chinese lived
• Public works projects employed many city dwellers
• Stimulated culture
• Art

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The Political Development of Imperial China
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Imperial China

• Historians divide Chinese history into periods
  ruled by dynasties
• Dynasties are ruling families
• Mandate of Heaven
• Chinese believed that Heaven supported the
  dynasty for as long as the emperor ruled well.
  Natural disasters were taken as signs that Heaven
  was displeased.

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Qin Dynasty

• 221-206 B.C.E.
• Known for unification of China under an emperor
• The Legalists strengthened state power and
  control over the people.
• The Chinese writing system were unified.
• Chinese defenses were strengthened by creating
  the Great Wall.

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Han Dynasty

• 206 B.C.E. 220 C.E.
• Known as a golden age and a united China

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Fall of the Han Dynasty

• Corrupt relatives of the emperor seized control
• High taxes ruined families
• Workers were forced to labor on public projects
• Bandits attacked the countryside
• The government could not protect the farmers. The
  farmers rebelled
• The Han dynasty lost the Mandate of Heaven

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Period of Disunion

• 220 589
• This is the period of time following the fall of
  the Han Dynasty.
• China was split into several rival kingdoms each
  ruled by military leaders.
• Because of this disunion and the movement of
  people throughout China, a cultural blending took
  place.

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Sui (Sway) Dynasty

• 589-618 C.E.
• Period of Disunion ends in 589
• Yang Jian (Yang Jee-en) conquered the south and
  unified China.
• Yang Jian later named Wen Di which means civic
  or polished emperor

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Sui Dynasty

• Actions
• Started the Grand Canal which links northern and
  southern China.
• Made improvements to the Great Wall
• Wen Di was Buddhist, but he supported Buddhism,
  Confucianism, and Daoism in order to unite
  people.
• Civic projects helped unite people.
• However, Wen Di and his son were harsh and forced
  peasants who could not pay taxes to fight in the
  army or work on civic projects one project was
  to increase the size of the palace. However over
  1 million workers were needed and 40 died on the
  project!

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The Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty 618-907 C.E. Known for economic development and growth many inventions and discoveries
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The Tang Dynasty

• Sui official overthrew the government and started
  the Tang Dynasty.
• Expanded Chinas land
• Considered the golden age of China for art and
  culture.
• Empress Wu
• Chinas only woman ruler her husband was sick
  and eventually died she decided her sons were
  not worthy to rule. She ruled with an iron
  fist - if people opposed her then they faced
  death
• She chose advisors based on ability rather than
  their rank!

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Aristocracy Relied on a large bureaucracy so big government had the power and not the locals Used civil service exams to fill some positions CHOSE ARISTOCRATS FOR MOST HIGH-LEVEL JOBS.
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Calligraphy - Tang Dynasty Poem
Divinity Buddha from Tang Dynasty
Tang Dynasty Bronze Dragon
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The Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty 960-1279 C.E. reunified China again after 50 years of civil war Known for economic development and growth many inventions and discoveries
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Meritocracy MEANS RULE BY OFFICIAL CHOSEN FOR THEIR MERIT. The Song relied on civil service exams and opened them up to more candidates. People from LOWER CLASSES gained the ability to become scholar-officials
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Gate Scene Song Dynasty
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Mongol Empire Yuan Dynasty

• 1279-1368 C.E.
• Control of China by foreigners

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Mongol Invasion

• Led by Genghis Khan in 1206
• Brutal ruler (killed men, women, children)
• Ruled most of Asia, and then conquered northern
  China by his death in 1227

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Kublai Khan

• Grandson Kublai Khan takes over after 40 years of
  fighting (only non-Chinese Dynasty) PG. 187
  (Yuan Dynasty 1260-1368)
• Completes Chinese conquest
• Emperor in 1279
• Seen as rude and uncivilized (different language,
  customs, gods)

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Kublai Kahn
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Life under Yuan

• Khan did not force ideas on Chinese, but did
  force high taxes (public works projects completed
  by Chinese workers)
• Social Classes were very important
• 1st class tax-free Mongols
• 2nd class non-Chinese civil servants
• 3rd class Northern Chinese
• 4th class Southern Chinese

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Life under Yuan

• Khan believed in traditional shamanism (good and
  evil spirits heard through priests), but allowed
  Chinese people to keep their beliefs
• Marco Polo (Italian trader who served on Khans
  court and wrote about Khans trade)
• Invaded Japan 1274 and 1281-weather caused
  failureremember this for Japan!
• Mongols were weak (battles destroyed farmland and
  people) and Chinese rebelled and regained control
  in 1300s

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Society and Culture

• Society and culture varied by dynasty
• Men were in power except for Empress Wu
• There was a focus on agriculture and trade
• Social conventions foot binding

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Foot Binding

• Began late in the Tang Dynasty and continued for
  the next thousand years.
• An attempt to stop the growth of the feet.
• Began somewhere between the ages of four and
  seven.
• "If you love your daughter, bind her feet if you
  love your son, let him study," or so goes the old
  Chinese saying.

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Foot Binding
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Arts and Inventions

• Most advancements under the Tang and Song
  dynasties
• Art
• Painted murals that celebrated Buddhism and
  nature
• Poems
• Made clay sculptures
• Made porcelain items
• covered in a pale green
• glaze - celadon

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Arts and Inventions

• Some of the most important in human history under
  the Tang and Song.
• Paper
• Porcelain
• Woodblock printing
• Gunpowder
• Movable type
• Magnetic compass
• Paper money