A Cumulative Model for Understanding Behavior

1
A Cumulative Model for Understanding Behavior
Personal Tendency Toward Behavior
______________________________________
Situational Tendency Toward Behavior
2
Genetics

• 90 of height
• 70 of major depression
• 60 of intelligence
• 50 of smoking
• 40 of personality
• 40 of job satisfaction
• 50 of criminality
• 50 of aggression
• Many mental health problems

3
Physiological Influences

• Head injuries and brain abnormalities
• Neurotransmitters
• Hormones
• Arousal levels
• Diet
• Physical appearance
• Illness and disability

4
Physical Appearance

• Infancy
• attractive babies are held, cuddled, and kissed
  more
• Attractive Children
• have more friends
• are seen by teachers as being smarter
• are disciplined less often
• Adolescence
• attractive teens have more dates
• Attractive Adults
• receive higher interview scores
• receive higher performance appraisal scores
• are sent to jail less often
• are committed to mental health facilities less
  often
• receive more help in emergencies

5
Physical Attractiveness and Crime

• Masters and Graves (1967)
• 60 of criminals have facial defects
• 20 of controls
• Thompson (1990)
• Reviewed 9 studies and found that in 6,
  recidivism decreased after plastic surgery

6
Learning History

• Types of Learning
• Social learning
• Operant conditioning
• We Learn
• Consequences
• How to be reinforced
• Anger and resentment
• Social needs and skills
• Attachment to the community
• Coping skills

7
Learning Influences

• Developmental era
• Where we were raised
• Family
• Friends
• School and church
• Gender, race, and culture
• Significant emotional events

8
Developmental Era
9
Birth Order

• Only child
• higher intelligence
• more independent
• First born
• achievement oriented
• conservative
• Middle born
• outgoing
• good social skills
• Youngest
• creative
• rebels

10
Demographics

• Gender
• Race
• National origin
• Religion
• Disability
• Age

11
Television and the Media

• We watch five hours of TV per day
• 8 of 10 shows contain violence
• Cartoons have 18 acts of violence per hour
• Romance and sex
• Exposure to tragedy

12
When is Our Personality Set?

• Birth
• Freud
• Massey
• Never
• Significant emotional events

13
Situational Factors

• Environmental stress
• frustration
• heat, noise, darkness, crowding
• Behavior of others
• Time and resource limitations
• Competing values
• Availability of alternatives

14
Cognitive Reasoning

• Expectancy theory
• Expectancy
• Instrumentality
• Valence
• Reasoning is affected by
• Alcohol and drugs
• Anger
• Stress
• Emotion
• Intelligence
• Knowledge/experience

15
Opportunity
16
Personality Characteristics
17
Communication Styles