HARDWARE%20INFRASTRUCTURE

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HARDWARE INFRASTRUCTURE IS 340 BY CHANDRA S.
AMARAVADI
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IN THIS PRESENTATION

• Measures of data, time speed
• CPU HW components
• Micro-computer architecture
• Computer architecture

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MEASURES OF DATA, TIME SPEED
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MEASURES OF DATA..
APPROXIMATIONS

• Byte
• Kilobyte 1 103 bytes
• Megabyte 1 106 bytes
• Gigabyte 1 109 bytes
• Terabyte 1 1012 bytes
• Petabyte 1 1015 bytes

Note A kilobyte is actually 210 i.e. 1024 bytes
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UNITS OF TIME (FYI)

• Millisec. 1 10-3 sec.
• Microsec. 1 10-6 sec.
• Nanosec. 1 10-9 sec.
• Picosec. 1 10-12 sec.

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MEASURES OF SPEED

• Gigahertz (Ghz)
• MIPS
• Gigaflops/Teraflops

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CPU HARDWARE COMPONENTS
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VON NEUMANN HW ARCHITECTURE
Networks
CPU
Control Unit
Output Devices
Input Devices
ALU
Primary Storage (RAM,ROM)
Secondary storage
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COMPUTER COMPONENTS
ALU -- Arithmetic, Logic Unit carries out math
and comparison Control Unit Sends control
signals and regulates timing via system
clock RAM - temporary working memory, stores
part of OS all temporary files, current
applications are stored to RAM consists of
numbered memory locations. ROM - permanent
internal memory, for bootup Peripherals
includes monitors, storage, printers, keyboards
etc.
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TYPES OF RAM
SRAM Static Ram (uses transistors) DRAM
Dynamic Ram (capacitor based) Flash Uses EPROM
technology (transistors)
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STORAGE, I/O DEVICES AND PERIPHERALS
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SECONDARY STORAGE
For permanent/ long term storage
Secondary storage
Tapes (replaced with optical disks) hard disks,
USB jump drives Optical disks
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HARD DISKS OPTICAL DISKS

• HARD DISK Steel platter array for micro-computer
  systems
• OPTICAL DISK Plastic disk with grooved surface

tracks
sectors
.
disk surface
400 GByte
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OPTICAL STORAGE
Laser beam creates/reads pits on plastic disks

• COMPACT DISK (CD) 550 MB
• CD-ROM Compact Disk Read only
• CD-R Compact Disk - Recordable
• CD-RW CD Rewritable
• DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD)
• CD size, but holds 10GB

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I/O DEVICES
to input and output data from the computer

• Monitors
• Scanners
• Printers
• Plotters
• Voice synthesizers

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MONITORS
Monitors are computer screens.
Types LCD (mainly), Plasma screen (going out of
favor)
across
1920 x 1080
down
Resolution of bits in rows cols. (how fine is
the picture?) Contrast difference in brightness
between brightest darkest
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PRINTERS
Types inkjet vs laser
Inkjet sprays liquid ink Laser -- uses solid
toner
Speed (pages/min, PPM)
Printer characteristics
Resolution (dots/in or DPI)
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OTHER I/O DEVICES

• KEYBOARD
• MOUSE
• Wired/wireless
• Infra-red
• Trackball
• Touch pad
• JOYSTICK
• TOUCH SCREEN

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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
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CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS

• Supercomputer
• Mainframe
• Server/workstation
• Personal computer (PC)
• Personal digital assistant (PDA)

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PCARCHITECTURE
DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS
OUTPUT DEVICES
SECONDARY STORAGE
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PC LAYOUT..
FYI
Bus wires to I/O devices, such as printers,
monitors
CPU
Expansion slots
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SEQ/ // ARCHITECTURE
SEQUENTIAL
PARALLEL
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
TASK 2
TASK 3
TASK 1
CPU
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IS ARCHITECTURES
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IS ARCHITECTURE
A configuration of computers

• CENTRALIZED Processing carried by
• One or more hosts (host-based arch.)
• DISTRIBUTED Processing shared by several hosts
  connected by a network
• Hosts can be smaller mainframes or client server
• CLIENT SERVER More popular processing carried
  by
• One or more servers

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CENTRALIZED VS DISTRIBUTED
mini
Host
mini
Centralized
Distributed
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CLIENT SERVER ARCHITECTURE
CLIENT
CLIENT
requests
SERVER e.g. mail, database
data/service
CLIENT
CLIENT Any computer that requires a service.
SERVER Any computer that can fulfill a request.

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DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

• What is the purpose of RAM?
• Why are disks divided into tracks and sectors?
• What type of information is stored in ROM? in
  RAM?
• What factors determine the power of a PC?
• What factors influence the purchase of printers?
• What type of computer configurations are popular
  nowadays?
• What is the difference between laser and inkjet
  printers?

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