So Far This Year

1
So Far This Year

• 14th century
• Plague
• Earliest Sparks of the Renaissance
• Split between Eastern and Western Europe w
• 1st Hundred Years War
• Italy is Solidifying its role as trading middle
  man
• Mongols rule in Russia
• 15th Century
• Renaissance Begins in Earnest
• Northern Renaissance
• Henry the Navigator is Exploring the coast of
  Africa
• Constantinople Falls to the Ottoman Turks
• Increased interest in Afrian Slaves
• Habsburg-Valois Wars
• Rise of Renaissance Princes/New Monarchs
• Consolidation of Habsburg Empire
• Mongols kicked out of Russia
• 16th Century
• Age of Exploration

• 17th Century
• 2nd Half of the Wars of Religion (30 Years War)
• Witch hunts
• Rise of Absolutism in France, Prussia, Russia,
  Austria
• Constitutionalism in England and the Netherlands
  (English Civil War, Glorious Revolution)
• France becomes culturally dominant
• Spain falls
• Netherlands has a Golden Age
• Continuation of the Scientific Revolution
• Early Enlightenment
• 18th Century
• Heart of the Enlightenment
• 2nd Hundred Years War
• Enlightened Absolutism
• (2nd )Agricultural Revolution
• Population Explosion
• Early Industrial Revolution (ignited by Cottage
  Industry)
• Explosion of the Atlantic Economy and Associated
  Trade Wars

2
2nd Agricultural Revolution

• 1st Agricultural Revolution
• Development of farming
• replaced hunting and gathering
• 10,000 BC
• Animal power
• Land can only produce so much (nitrogen
  exhaustion)
• Slash and burn agricultural or limited population
  size
• Medieval Improvements
• Open Field system
• Strips of farmland
• Not easy to turn an ox
• Communal
• Insurance against poor yield in one part of the
  field
• The Commons
• Fallow
• Field rotation
• Medieval Limitations
• Fallow is Inefficient
• 1/3 of fields arent used

3
The Open Field System
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2nd Agricultural Revolution (cont.)

• 2nd Agricultural Revolution Innovations
• End of the fallow
• Field rotation v crop rotation
• Nitrogen replacing crops
• Crops up, manure, up, crops up cycle
• Enclosure
• Land taken up by the wealthy and enclosed
• Land is more productive, but
• End of the common- no more safety net

• Dutch
• Scientific because of dykes
• Golden Age
• Wealth and stable population support
  experimentation with crops
• English
• Copy the Dutch
• Turnip Townsend
• Agricultural boom ? population boom
• As a result, standard of living does not rise in
  general

5
18th Century Poem

• The law locks up the man or woman
• Who steals the goose from off the common
• But leaves the greater villain loose
• Who steals the common from off the goose.
• The law demands that we atone
• When we take things we do not own
• But leaves the lords and ladies fine
• Who take things that are yours and mine.

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17c EuropeanAgrarianism
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Leaders The Dutch
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The Cost of Enclosure Fair?

• English Farmer Continental Farmer

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The Cost of Enclosure Unfair?
Heh, heh, heh
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Cost of Enclosure Authors Assessment
VS
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Population Growth

• Factors that limit it are slowly removed
• Black death dies out mysteriously
• Better ability to spread food about because of
  improved infrastructure
• New world crops
• Slight improvements in health from better
  sanitation
• Standards of living did NOT increase

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18cPopulationGrowthRate
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Putting Out System

• Ironically, the increase in Agricultural
  Production actually increased the numbers of poor
  peasants. Why?
• Growing population but stable amount of land
• Profits to be made in farming encouraged the
  wealthy to buy up farmland
• Thus ? Underemployed peasants (Proletariat-
  landless farmers)
• Enterprising merchants in the cities devised the
  Putting Out System
• Take product to the countryside where landless
  farmers are desperate for work
• Production in the homes
• Come back and pick up the product and sell it
• Capitalism before that word even existed
• Challenge to guild system
• Weakens the grip of governments mercantilist
  control over the economy, which the governments
  dont like, but feel they have no choice.
• Why?
• What else do you do with mobs of hungry peasants?
  
• First spark of the Industrial Revolution

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Cottage System
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2nd Hundred Years War

• English, Dutch, French, Spanish, and Portuguese
  fight over the wealth of the New World and
  Atlantic Trade
• Mercantilism puts them at odds with each other
• Goods from the English colonies can only be
  traded to England on English ships so that all of
  the profit stays with England, etc.
• This pisses off other countries and the colonists
  themselves. Why?
• Perhaps the first world wars
• fighting in Europe and the New World
• Fighting in Europe is part of general balance of
  power struggles
• By the 18th century, Portugal, Spanish, and Dutch
  were fading powers
• Dutch had burned themselves out fighting Louis
  XIV, Spanish in Wars of Religion, Portuguese had
  fought Spain and the Netherlands
• Two dominant powers were France and Britain

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British Dominance of Atlantic Economy

• Britain, especially held that mercantilism should
  help the people as well as the monarchy
• Roots in the Navigation Acts (interregnum)
• Aimed at Dutch (Manhattan) and then French
• England could get involved in wars in the New
  World but avoid continental part of wars
• Gave them an advantage over the French
• English seamen could quickly become navy in times
  of crisis
• Side Issue
• England ? England and Scotland ? England,
  Scotland, and Ireland

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Battles in Europe and New World
Name in Europe
Name in Colonies

• War of the Spanish Succession
• England felt hemmed in by French and Spanish in
  the New Word (see map)
• Ended by Peace of Utrecht
• British win asiento and some French land in New
  World
• War of the Austrian Succession
• Seven Years War

• Queen Annes War
• King Georges War
• French and Indian War

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Battles in Europe and New World
Name in Europe
Name in Colonies

• War of the Spanish Succession
• War of the Austrian Succession
• Sparked by Frederick the Greats seizure of
  Silesia
• Fighting in India and North America between
  British and French
• Inconclusive Between British and French
• Seven Years War

• Queen Annes War
• King Georges War
• French and Indian War

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Battles in Europe and New World
Name in Europe
Name in Colonies

• War of the Spanish Succession
• War of the Austrian Succession
• Seven Years War
• Frederick the Great spared by Peter III
• Key battle between French and British
• (1st) Treaty of Paris
• France loses new world possessions
• Spain and Britain get them
• India goes to Britain for good

• Queen Annes War
• King Georges War
• French and Indian War

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2nd HYW Isnt Over Yet

• French and Indian War will help spark American
  Revolution, which in turn helps spark the French
  Revolution
• Both of these are, to a large degree,
  continuations of a fight between England and
  France over supremacy and control of the Atlantic
  Economy

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Capitalism

• Part of the Enlightenment
• Natural law of economics
• A rejection of mercantilism
• Argues that the government moves too slowly to
  regulate the economy efficiently

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• Basic Ideas of Capitalism
• Choices can be made more efficiently by actors in
  the economy (rather than gov.)
• Entrepreneurs and citizens make choices
• These choices will be made correctly due to the
  natural law of the invisible hand of the market
• supply and demand
• Enlightened self-interest
• Free trade brings greater wealth to everyone
• Not a zero-sum game
• There are occasional times when the government
  should interfere with the economy
• Maintain internal and external order
• Provide a small number of goods that the market
  wont provide naturally
• Example freeways
• All merchants gain from a freeway, but who will
  invest the capital to pay for them???
• Example Fire stations
• If you dont pay for them, wont society have to
  work to put out a fire in your house anyway?

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There, there it is againthe invisible hand of
the marketplace giving us the finger.
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Animation of Smiths Invisible Hand
YUM!
YUCK!
Why me lord?!
Ha, ha, ha. Skinny _at_!!
I will start a business making hamburgers.
I will start a business making hamburgers.
Where was the invisible hand?