U.S.%20History%20Chapter%208

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U.S. HistoryChapter 8

• Topical Studies

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Chapter 8 Outline

1. The Industrial and Transportation Revolutions
2. Factors Leading to Reform
3. Reform in America
4. The Abolitionist Movement
5. The Womens Movement

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8.1 The Industrial and Transportation Revolutions

• Industrial Revolution
• Transportation Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain
  in the 1700s.
• Samuel Slater is credited with bringing the
  Industrial Revolution to the U.S.
• At the age of 21, he memorized the plans of the
  British textile cotton spinning machine.

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The Industrial Revolution

• He disguised himself as a farmer.
• He moved to the U.S.
• He established a textile mill using the plans he
  had memorized.
• He is now called the Father of the Factory
  System.

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The Industrial Revolution

• Eli Whitney developed the system of
  interchangeable parts
• Parts are made with an exact standard.
• This allowed manufacturers to mass produce
  products.
• It also allowed for inexpensive repair.

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The Industrial Revolution

• Whitney is best-known for the cotton gin..
• The cotton gin separated seed from the fibers.
• It drastically reduced the time a worker needed
  to clean the cotton for use.
• Southerners began producing even more cotton
  because it was so profitable.

Eli Whitney
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Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin
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The Industrial Revolution

• It also increased the number of slaves in the
  South.
• Southerners needed more workers in order to meet
  the high demands for cotton.

Eli Whitney
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The Industrial Revolution

• Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper in
  1831.
• It was originally pulled by a horse.
• It harvested grain from the fields.
• The technology from McCormicks mechanical reaper
  is still in use today.

Cyrus McCormick
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Industrial Revolution

• In 1837, John Deere created the first steel plow.
• The steel plow helped farmers break the ground
  for agriculture more efficiently.
• One result of Deeres contributions was the
  acceleration of Americas westward expansion.

John Deere
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John Deere
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Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution had both positive and
  negative effects.
• Positive effects of the Industrial Revolution
  include the following
• It resulted in an increase in material goods.
• It resulted in a decrease in the costliness of
  goods.
• It resulted in greater efficiency in
  manufacturing.
• It resulted in lower unemployment rates and
  urbanization.

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Industrial Revolution

• Negative effects of the Industrial Revolution
  include the following
• It resulted in the abuse of women and child
  labor.
• It resulted in poor working conditions for
  laborers.
• It resulted in pollution.
• It resulted in the devastation of natural
  environments

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Transportation Revolution

• Roads
• Early roads were few in number and difficult to
  travel.
• American citizens soon began building toll roads
  called turnpikes.
• Better roads improved transportation.

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A Modern-Day Turnpike
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Transportation Revolution

• Canals
• Some states began building canals to connect two
  bodies of water.
• These canals helped transport goods quickly and
  efficiently.
• The most famous canal of this time period was the
  Erie Canal which connected the Great Lakes to the
  Atlantic Coast.

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Old Erie Canal
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Transportation Revolution

• The development of the steamboat also improved
  transportation.
• Robert Fulton (though he did not invent the
  steamboat) created the first successful
  commercial steamboat.

Statue of Robert Fulton
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Transportation Revolution

• The steamboat allowed boats to travel upstream
  against the current.
• The steam boat also increased the speed of
  transportation on the waterways.

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Transportation Revolution

• Railroads
• The development of the steam-powered locomotive
  drastically improved transportation.
• Railroads were more efficient than canals.
• They did not freeze in the winter.
• They could connect areas where canals were
  impossible to build.

Blücher, an early railway locomotive built in
1814 by George Stephenson
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Transportation Revolution

• Railroads also helped the country develop
  economically and opened the West for settlement.

Blücher, an early railway locomotive built in
1814 by George Stephenson
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2. Factors Leading to Reform

• Immigration and Urbanization
• Rise of Nativism
• Religious Revival
• Philosophy and Literature

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Immigration and Urbanization

• Mass immigration from 1815 to 1860
• Largest Group of Immigrants from Ireland
• Irish Potato Famine in 1845 to 1849
• Economically poor
• Catholic
• Unskilled labor
• Settlement in the Northeast

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Immigration and Urbanization

• Second largest group of immigrants from Germany
• Search for economic opportunity and political
  freedom
• Mostly Catholic
• Skilled Labor
• Settlement in the Midwest

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Immigration and Urbanization

• The rise in immigration resulted in urbanization.
• Slavery limited jobs for immigrants in the South.
• Many immigrants became naturalized.
• Naturalization is the process by which an
  immigrant becomes a citizen of a nation.

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Rise of Nativism

• Nativism belief that native-born citizens are
  superior to immigrants
• Job insecurity and religious differences helped
  cause nativism.
• Immigrants would work for lower wages.
• Most immigrants were Catholic.

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Rise of Nativism

• Nativists formed the American Republican Party.
• They had two objectives
• To restrict immigrants and Catholics from holding
  public office
• To require 21 years of residency for citizenship
• Membership was secret.
• They became known as the Know-Nothing Party.

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Religious Revival

• Early 1800s Second Great Awakening began.
• Charles G. Finney was one of the most well-known
  preachers during this time.
• Preachers often held camp meetings.
• They rejected predestination and accepted free
  will.
• The meetings were very emotional in nature.

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Methodist Camp Meeting in 1839
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Philosophy and Literature

• Romanticism
• a movement which began in the 1800s and
  emphasized feelings over reason
• Transcendentalism
• philosophical movement of the mid 1800s that
  emphasized spiritual discovery and insight rather
  than reason

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Philospophy and Literature

• To transcend means to rise above.
• Transcendentalists were influenced by romanticism.

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Philosophy and Literature

• Two of the most famous American
  Transcendentalists were
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Henry David Thoreau

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Philosophy and Literature

• Washington Irving
• Legend of Sleepy Hollow 1819
• James Fennimore Cooper
• Last of the Mohicans 1826
• Nathaniel Hawthorne
• The Scarlett Letter 1850

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Philosophy and Literature

• Herman Melville
• Moby Dick 1851
• Edgar Allan Poe
• Wrote short stories and poetry
• Walt Whitman
• Wrote poetry

Edgar Allan Poe
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3. Reform in AMerica
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3. Reform in America

• Temperance Movement
• Educational Reform
• Prison Reform
• Utopian Societies

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Temperance Movement

• The Temperance Movement
• an organized campaign effort to ban alcohol
  consumption.
• In the early 1800s, alcohol consumption was at an
  all-time high.

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Temperance Movement

• Alcohol negatively influenced
• Family
• Health
• Public safety
• Employment
• Other areas

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Temperance Movement

• Began in the late 1700s
• Gained most of its influence in the 1800s.
• The American Temperance Union was formed in 1833.
• Supporters practiced abstinence from all
  alcoholic beverages.

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Temperance Movement

• Maine was the first state to pass a law banning
  the manufacturing and sale of alcoholic beverages
  in 1851.
• Overall, alcohol consumption decreased
  dramatically during the Temperance Movement.

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Education Reform

• Public education during the 1800s was inadequate.
• Schools lacked funding and supplies.

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Education Reform

• Horace Mann
• Is called the Father of Education.
• Believed taxpayers should support public schools.
• Began the system of dividing schools into grade
  levels.

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Horace Mann"The Father of Education"
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Education Reform

• Large numbers of children were in the work force.
• Children were often needed to help their families
  with labor and even finances.
• Massachusetts was the first state to make school
  attendance mandatory.

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Education Reform

• Education was limited mostly to white males.
• Oberlin College in Ohio was the first
  coeducational college in the U. S.
• African Americans who did receive an education
  were usually segregated.
• Oberlin College began admitting African Americans
  in 1835.

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Prison Reform

• Many states began building prisons to house
  criminals by the early 1800s.
• Criminals were jailed with the mentally ill.

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Prison Reform

• Dorothea Dix led the prison reform movement.
• The main objective for prison reform was to
  rehabilitate criminals back into society.
• She promoted education and vocational training
  for prisoners.
• She promoted separation of criminals and the
  mentally ill patients.

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Dorothea Lynde Dix
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Utopian Societies

• Some Americans attempted to establish communities
  dedicated to obtaining perfection.
• The term utopia is a fictional perfect place.

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Utopian Societies

• New Harmony in Indiana by Robert Owen in 1825.
• One of the most famous utopian experiments
• Nearly a thousand volunteers joined Owen in
  settling the community.
• The experiment ultimately failed and was
  abandoned after two years.

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Utopian Societies

• The Oneida Colony was established in New York in
  1848.
• Oneida was financially successful.
• Oneida was abandoned in 1881.

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Utopian Societies

• The Shakers were a society also formed to achieve
  perfection prior to Christs Second Coming.
• The Shakers are virtually extinct today because
  they practiced celibacy.
• The Shakers grew only by gaining new converts.

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4. The Abolitionist Movement
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4. The Abolitionist Movement

• Slavery
• American Colonization Society
• Abolitionist Movement
• Underground Railroad

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Slavery

• Slave Codes
• Regulated daily life of slaves.
• Banned slaves from owning property, carrying
  weapons, or gathering in crowds (except for at
  church).
• Banned teaching slaves how to read or write.
• Were harsh but not always enforced.

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Slavery

• International Slave Trade
• Was legally banned in 1808.
• Was continued illegally by smugglers.

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Slavery

• Nat Turner, an African American slave, organized
  a revolt in 1831.
• Nearly 100 people (mostly women and children)
  were killed in Turners Rebellion.
• Nat Turner and 19 other slaves were hanged.
• Slave revolts led to harsher slave codes.

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Nat Turner Revolt
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American Colonization Society

• American Colonization Society
• Was formed in 1817.
• Was one of the earliest organizations formed to
  address the issue of slavery
• Members included
• James Monroe
• James Madison
• Henry Clay

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American Colonization Society

• The U.S. established the colony of Liberia on the
  coast of West Africa.
• The colony was founded for free blacks to settle.
• The first group of African American colonists
  settled in Liberia in 1821.

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American Colonization Society

• The colonization of Liberia did not resolve the
  issue of slavery in America.

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The Abolitionist Movement

• The Abolitionist Movement
• Was the movement to end slavery.
• Had started in colonial times.
• Began strengthening during the late 1820s and
  early 1830s.
• Supported emancipation, or freeing the slaves.

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The Abolitionist Movement

• William Lloyd Garrison
• Was an abolitionist.
• Founded The Liberator in 1831.
• supported emancipation without compensation.
• Faced persecution in both the North and the South
  for his views.
• was attacked in 1835

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William Lloyd Garrison
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The Abolitionist Movement

• Frederick Douglass
• Was a former slave.
• Was an abolitionist.
• was taught how to read and write by his masters
  wife and by white children.
• Published his autobiography The Life and Times of
  Frederick Douglass.

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Frederick Douglass
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Abolitionist Movement

• Elijah P. Lovejoy
• Was a Presbyterian minister.
• Was an abolitionist.
• Published the Observer.
• Was murdered while an angry mob was trying to
  destroy his printing press.

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The Abolitionist Movement

• The gag rule
• Was passed by Congress in 1836.
• banned antislavery petitions from being
  introduced in Congress for the next eight years.
• Was appealed largely due to former president John
  Q. Adams leading the efforts to repeal the gag
  rule.

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The Underground Railroad

• The Underground Railroad
• a network of escape routes that are provided
  protection and transportation for slaves fleeing
  north to freedom.
• The main objective of the Underground Railroad
  was to help slaves escape to the North.

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The Underground Railroad

• Most routes led to Canada where slave-hunters
  could not go legally.
• Harriet Tubman
• Was the most famous conductor, or guide, on the
  Underground Railroad.
• Was an escaped slave herself.
• led more than 300 slaves to freedom.
• was often called the Black Moses.

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The Underground Railroad

• Slave owners issued a 40,000 reward for anyone
  who could capture Harriet Tubman.

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Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman
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5. The Women's Movement
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The Women's Movement

• True Womanhood
• Seneca Falls Convention

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True Womanhood

• The traditional role of women in America
  portrayed women as homemakers.
• This idea was called true womanhood.

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Seneca Falls Convention

• Catherine Beecher was a supporter of womens
  rights.
• In 1841, Beecher wrote A Treatise on Domestic
  Economy.
• Her book supported the traditional role of women.
• Some women did not think that true womanhood
  was enough.

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Seneca Falls Convention

• In 1848 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
  pushed for more rights for women.
• The Seneca Falls Convention was the first womens
  rights convention in the United States.

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The Seneca Falls Convention

• The Convention would adopt the Declaration of
  Sentiments and Resolutions.
• signed by 68 women and 32 men.
• partially quoted the Declaration of Independence
  We hold these truths to be self-evident that
  all men and women are created equal.

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The Seneca Falls Convention

• The most controversial part of the document was
  the ninth resolution where they demanded womens
  suffrage, or the right to vote.
• The womens movement made some progress, but it
  laid the foundation for a stronger movement after
  the Civil War.