??:Accomplishments and Impact

1
? ? ? ?

• ??Accomplishments and Impact
• from Breeding for Increased
• Forage Nutritional Value
• ??????????????
• ???

2
??M. D. Casler and K. P. Vogel??Crop Science.
(1999) 3912-20

• ???????
• ???????

3
???????? ?

• ??????.????????

4
??

• ????????????1880??,?????200?????????????????
  ????????????????
• ???????????????????????300????
• ???????????????????????????,????????????????
  ??

5
?????

• (1)???????
• (2)??????
• (3)????
• (4)?????(Palatabililty)????????
• ???????????????
• ?????????

???????????,???????????????????????
6
ltlt???????gtgt

• ??1960?????????????????,????????????????????????
  ?
• ?1963???????????????????Tilley?Terry??????????(I
  VDMD)????

????????????, ????????????? ????????????? ????????
???
7
????????????

• (1)Kjedahl???
• (2)???????
• ?????,?????????????????????????????????,??????????
  ????????

8
20?????

• ?????????????????????????,??????????????????
  ??,???????????????

9
ltlt?????????????gtgt

• (1)??????
• (2)??????
• (3)????????
• (4)?????????
• (5)?????????

10
(1)??????

• ??????????????????Tilley?Terry?????????????
  ??IVDMD???????????,??????????????377gkg-1(Boxton
  and Casler,1993),??????????????????100gkg-1?
• IVDMD?????????????????????????,???????????????
  ??????????

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??IVDMD???????

• (1)??????????????
• ??????????????????????(Smooth bromegrass,
  Bromus inermis Less)???(orchardgrass, Doctylis
  glomerata L.)??????(perennial ryegrass, Lolium
  perenne L.) (switchgrass, Panicum virgatum
  L.)??(alfafa, Medicago sativa L. Buxton and
  Casler,1993)???(timothy, Phleum pratense L.
  Suprenant et al.,1990)???(maize, Zea mays
  Barriere et al.,1995)?

??????????????8?45gkg-1cycle-1 (1.3to12.1cycle-1?
0.7to2.5yr-1)
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(2)???????????????????? ??

• ???????????????????????(bermudagrass,
  Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Buxton and Casler,
  1993 Vogel and Sleper, 1994)???(Digitaria
  milanjiana Hacker, 1986)?

?????????????????11.8??????????????
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??IVDMD????????????????????????

• (1)?Pathfinder switchgrass?IVDMD??????????????,?
  ???????????????????????????????
• (2)?????????,?????????????????????IVDMD,??????????
  ????

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Fig. 1. Genetic differences in average daily
gain(ADG), forage ability, and animal production
per hectare for 10 cultivars that represent
increased in vitro dry matter digestibility
(IVDMD) compared with the population from which
they were intended to replace. Each variable is
plotted against the observed genetic change in
IVDMD .
15
?????(crested wheatgrass Agropyron
spp.)???,?????IVDMD??????????????????(Vogel et
al.,1993)? ???????????,?????????????IVDMD??,???
???????,?????????????

• ??????????????????,?????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????,????
  ???,???????????????????????

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Table1.Mean liveweight gain and production of two
perennial ryegrass cultivars with contrasting
in vitro organic matter digestibility and
intake, evaluated by beef cattle on six
farms(data adapted from Walters,1984).
????????????????????????,?????????????????????,???
???????????
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Table 2. Increase in in vitro dry matter
digestibility (IVDMD), animal performance, and
profit from 1 year of beef production for
Trailblazer switchgrass and Manska intermediate
wheatgrass compared to control cultivars (data
adapted from Vogel and Sleper,1994,and from
K.P.Vogel, 1997, unpublished data).
18
Trailblazerswitchagrass (released in
1984)?Manskaintermediate wheatgrass, Thinopyrum
intermedium (Host) Barkw. D. R. Dewey, (released
in 1992)????????????IVDMD,??????,????????????????
(Vogel and Sleper,1994)?

• ??IVDMD???????????????????????

19
?????????????????????,??????????????????????,?????
????????,??????????????????,??????????????????????
?

• ???????????????????
• ????????????????,??????????????????,???????????
  ????????????????

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???????????????????

• ????????????????????????????????????????(antise
  nse)?????????????????
• ?????????stylo (Stylosanthes spp.)
  ???????????????????????IVDMD (Ni et al.,1993 Rae
  et al.,1996)?
• ??????????????,????????????????????

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(2)??????

• ??????????????????????????????(Fahey and
  Hussein,1999)?
• ?????????????????
• (?)?????????????????????????????
• (?)???????????????????????????

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????(NDF, Neutral detergent fiber)??

• ??????????????????????????(Van Soest, 1994)?
• IVDMD????????NDF????????,?????????????????????
  (Buxton and Casler, 1993 Gabrielson et
  al.,1990)?
• ???,?????????????????????
• ???,????????????????????????

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??????????????(DNF)??????(smooth bromegrass
(Casler,1995)),reed camarygrass, Phalares
arundinacea L. (Surprenant et al.,1988),???(maize)
(Wolf et all.,1993)?????????????????9 to 26 g
kg-1cycle-1(1.6 - 4.0 cycle-1)?

• ???????(NDF)?????????????????
• (1)????smooth bromegrass?reed canarygrass?,????(ND
  F)???????????????
• (2)?smooth bromegrass??????(NDF)??????????????????
  0.41 Mg ha -1(4.7),???reed canarygrass???????????
  ?????0.06?0.31 Mg ha-1(2.7-6.1)

??????????????????????????????????????,???????????
?????
Casler(1998)???????????????
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???,?????????(Ostrinia nubilalis
Hubner)??????????(NDF)???????(Buengeon et
al.,1990)
???????????????????(NDF)??????????

• ????????????????????????????????????????????

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??????(shear strength)

• ??????????????(shear strength)????????????????
  ??????
• ?????????(Inoue et al.,1993, Mackinnon et
  al.,1998)??????????????????????,???????,??????32?
  ?????
• Inoue et al. (1993)???????,??????????????????
  ??????????????,???????????

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(3)????????

• ??????CP?????????(ADF)????????????????????????
  ?????????????CP???????14g Kg-1(6.9)?????(ADF)????
  ?15g Kg-1(4.4)(Vanghn et al.,1990)
• ??,????????????????????,????????0.67Mg
  ha-1(4.8)
• ????
• (1)????
• (2)??????CP?????????
• ?????????????????

???????????????16g kg-1(2.1)
??????????
?????
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?????????

• ?????????????????????????
• ???????????????????,??????????????????,????????
  ?????????????(McNabb et al.,1993)

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(4)?????????

• (1)reed canarygrass?,tryptamine ?carboline
  alkaloids??????????????13?
• (2)gramine??????????????????????gramine????68?
  ,??????185,????136

reed canarygrass???????gramine ??,??tryptamine/
carbokine alkaloids
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(5)?????????

• hypomagnesaemia??????????????????????????????,
  ?????????(Mg)????(K)??????
• ????????????????????????
• (1)?Italian ryegrass(L. multiflorum
  Lam.)?,????????56?????????????13???????????12
  (Mosely and Baker,1991),??????????,120????????hypo
  magnesaemia?????88??????????????,??????????10?

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• (2)Tall fescue(Festuca arnndinacea
  Schreb.)?,????K/(CaMg)?????????????18(Mayland
  and sleeper,1993),?????????????????Mg????12,?K/(C
  aMg)????8(Sleper et al.,1997,personal
  communication)?

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ltlt???????????gtgt

• (1)???
• (2)???
• (3)????????
• (4)????????????

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(1)???

• ??????????
• ?????????,???????????(IVDMD,protein)??,?????(ND
  F,lignin,silica)???

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Van Wijk et al.(1993)?????????????????????????????
???????????????

• ?????????????????,?????IVDMD??????????????????
• Munro???????????????IVDMD??????????????????????
  ?,???????????????????????????????,????????IVDMD???
  ???????

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??????IVDMD??????????????????(Buxton and
Casler,1993 Casler,1998 Vogel and Sleper,1994)

• ??????????????????(1)????????
• (2)?????????????????????

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(2)???

• ??????(Summarized by Buxton and Caster,1993
  and Caster,1998)???????IVDMD??????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????(Casler et
  al.,1997 unpublished data)?
• ???????????????????????????????????????

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(3)????????

• ??????????????
• ?????????????????????,?????????????????????????
  ????????????
• ?????,???????????(??????,????????)?????????????
  ???????????????????????????

????????
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Fig. 2-1 Relationship between neutral detergent
fiber(NDF) digestibility (IVNDFD) and lignin
concentration or esterified ferulic acid
conceration for nine high-IVDMD and nine
low-IVDMD smooth bromegrass clones (data adapted
from Jung and Casler,1990).
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???IVDMD

• ????????????IVDMD,?????????????????????????????
  ???????????IVDMD??,??/?????18?53????????11?22(Ke
  phart et al .,1989)
• ???????IVDMD??,??????/????????
• ?????,??IVDMD??????????????????????????????????
  ????????????(Casler and Carpenter,1989 Ehlke and
  Casler,1985)?

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(4)????????????

• ???????????????????????,???????????????????????
  ????????,????????????????????,????????????????????
  ????????????????????

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Table 3. Effects of selection (means of selected
populations minus standards) measured on three
variables( ADF acid detergent fiber, IVTD in
vitro true digestibility ,and CP crude protein
concentration)of alfalfa at two locations under
three management systems(Vaughn et al.,1990).
41
ltlt??gtgt

• ????,IVDMD???????1,????????????3.2???????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????,
  ?????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????