3%20REASONS%20FOR%20A%20THIRD%20%20BRITISH%20PORT

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What you will learn

• Why the British needed a new trading settlement
  in this region
• Why Singapore was chosen
• How Raffles succeeded in establishing a trading
  settlement in Singapore

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• 1818 - Lord Hastings, Governor-General of India,
  gave approval to Sir Stamford Raffles,
  Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen, to establish a
  trading station at the southern tip of the Malay
  Peninsula.
• On 29 January 1819, Raffles landed on the island
  of Singapore after having surveyed other nearby
  islands.

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• The next day, he concluded a preliminary treaty
  with Temenggong Abdul Rahman to set up a trading
  post here
• On 6 February 1819, a formal treaty was concluded
  with Sultan Hussein of Johor and the Temenggong

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• 6 February 1819
• Sir Stamford Raffles Tengku Hussein at the
  Padang
• Tengku Hussein recognised as the Sultan of Johor
• Treaty Allow British to set up a trading
  settlement
• Sultan - 5,000 a year
• Temenggong - 3,000 a year

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Raffles and Farquhar approaching the Temenggongs
residence
Source SHM - An Interactive Exploration
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The Dutch and the British in the Malay Archipelago

• Early 19th Century Malay Archipelago
• Dutch controlled most of the Archipelago trade
• Because they controlled many areas in the Malay
  Archipelago, including Melaka and Java
• Dutch did not want other European powers to share
  in this trade
• Did not allow British or other European ships to
  trade at any Dutch-controlled ports except
  Batavia in Java
• Enjoyed a trade monopoly

Malay Archipelago Comprises Malaya, Singapore,
Java, Sumatra, Borneo and the Celebes (Sulawesi).
All these and the thousands of smaller islands
around them form what is used to be called the
Malay Archipelago or the East Indies. The Malay
Archipelago forms part of a larger region now
known as Southeast Asia.
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British Reaction to Dutch Monopoly

• British traders East India Company (EIC)
• Despite Dutch monopoly, British manage to
  establish two trading post at Penang and
  Bencoolen
• Penang Stopover point for ships sailing from
  India to China
• By early 19th century British trade with China
  became very important
• British afraid that profitable China trade
  would be affected if Dutch controlled more areas
  in the Malay Archipelago. Why?

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British Reaction to Dutch Monopoly

• Ans The Dutch would be in a position to control
  all sea routes and force all ships to stop at
  Batavia
• 1818 Sir Stamford Raffles appointed
  Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen
• He saw how the Dutch were spreading their
  monopoly of trade to more areas in the
  Archipelago
• Strongly opposed to the Dutch action

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British Reaction to Dutch Monopoly

• It is clear that the object of the Dutch is to
  control all trade in the Archipelago. By
  controlling the only passes to the Archipelago,
  namely the Straits of Malacca and the Sunda
  Straits, they have also in their power at all
  times to disrupt our China trade.

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British Reaction to Dutch Monopoly

• Raffles Penang and Bencoolen not located near
  main trading area in the Archipelago
• Thus unable to prevent Dutch monopoly
• A new trading settlement was needed to compete
  with the Dutch
• If it was nearer the Archipelago, it could
  attract traders in the region to trade there

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Moluccas
Bencoolen
Formerly known as Batavia
You must know your geography!
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British Reaction to Dutch Monopoly

• Raffles Believed that this new settlement
  should be located south of Dutch-controlled
  Melaka
• This would better protect the ships as they
  sailed along the Straits of Melaka from India to
  China
• Together with his assistant, Major William
  Farquhar, Raffles began his search for the third
  British settlement

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Singapore From a Fishing Village to a British
Possession

• 28 Jan 1819 Raffles, from his ship Indiana, saw
  Singapore island
• Most of the island covered by jungle
• Small group of Malay, Chinese and Orang Laut
  settlers there
• Livelihood Growing fruits and fishing

Source SHM - An Interactive Exploration
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Singapore From a Fishing Village to a British
Possession

• Malays Live in a village north bank of
  Singapore River
• Temenggong in charge
• Orang Laut Settled along Singapore River
• Chinese Lived near Malay village grew gambier

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Singapore From a Fishing Village to a British
Possession

• Temasek Old name of Singapore
• A trading centre in the 14th Century
• Portuguese burnt down a settlement at the mouth
  of the Singapore River in 1613
• Feared that it would be a threat to them
• After that, the island was forgotten by traders

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• At Singapore, I found advantages far superior to
  what the other islands had to offer. It is
  located at the southern entrance of the Straits
  of Malacca, thus, in a commanding position to
  protect our ships as they sail from India to
  China.
• It has also been my good fortune to discover one
  of the safest harbours in the area. Singapore is
  everything we could desire. It will soon rise in
  importance and break the Dutch monopoly of trade
  in the Archipelago.

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PROBLEM! BIG PROBLEM!

• 29 Jan 1819 Raffles, together with Farquhar,
  landed on Singapore
• Met by Temenggong
• Raffles explained his mission
• Temenggong agreeable but said that the island was
  part of the Johor-Riau sultanate under the
  control of Sultan Abdul Rahman
• Only the Sultan could give permission for a
  British trading settlement
• One problem Sultan was under the control of the
  Dutch
• Raffles knew the Dutch will never allow the
  British to occupy Singapore

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AH. A SOLUTION!

• Temenggong then told Raffles the story of how
  Sultan Abdul Rahman was made sultan instead of
  his elder brother Tengku Hussein, who was the
  rightful heir
• See comic strip on pg 10

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The Queen will be proud of me!

• Plan Raffles would recognise Tunku Hussein as
  the rightful Sultan
• In that way, he could get permission from this
  Sultan to start the settlement
• Temenggong sent his men to the Riau Islands to
  invite Tengku Hussein to Singapore
• He left secretly so that the Dutch would not
  suspect anything
• He met Raffles and agreed to be Sultan
• 6 Feb 1819 That was the treaty we saw at the
  start of the lesson

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• The treaty of 6 Feb 1819 only gave the British
  permission to start a trading settlement in
  Singapore
• They did not own the island yet
• Singapore proved to be a prized settlement
• By 1820, it was earning revenue, and three years
  later, its trade surpassed that of Penang

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• The second treaty was made with Sultan Hussein
  and Temenggong Abdul Rahman in August 1824, by
  which the two owners ceded the island outright to
  the British in return for increased cash payments
  and pensions
• With this new treaty, Singapore officially became
  a British possession
• From then until 1963, Singapore was under the
  control of the British except for a short period
  of the Japanese Occupation from 1942 to 1945

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