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Contrasting Polish and English Derivational Groups

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Title: Contrasting Polish and English Derivational Groups


1
Contrasting Polish and English Derivational Groups
  • Karolina Tymowicz
  • based on
  • Jadacka, H. Rzeczeownik polski jako baza
    derywacyjna,WN-PWN 1995
  • independent contrastive study of 540
    Polish-English pairs of derivations

November 28th 2000
2
Outline
  • Defining terms
  • Derivational group
  • Derivational base
  • Affixes
  • Similarity of and within derivational groups
  • Procedure of comparison
  • Conclusions

3
Derivational group
  • A well-ordered system constructed around an
    underived entry word concentrating all the
    derivatives connected with it by means of direct
    or indirect process of derivation
  • a hierarchical structure in which each element
    functions as a link between other derivatives and
    the BASE

4
Derivational base
  • The item to which an affix is added to derive a
    new word-form
  • the word-forms consisting of the derivational
    base and an affix are called DERIVATIVES
  • e.g. STYLE - STYLIZE - STYLIZER
  • e.g. CENTRE - CENTRIC - CENTRICALLY

5
Affix
  • a morpheme that is added to a word, and which
    changes the meaning or function of the word
  • affixes are bound-forms that can be added
  • to the beginning of a word a prefix, e.g.
    unkind
  • to the end of a word suffix, e.g. kindness

6
Similarity within derivational groups
  • Four kinds of similarities within derivational
    groups are considered. Three types of
    translational similarity
  • translational similarity between morphemes
  • translational similarity between derivatives
  • translational similarity between derivational
    groups
  • and one type of grapho-etymological similarity
  • graphemic and etymological similarity between
    bases

7
degrees of translational similarity between
morphemes (incl. bases)
  • def. translational similarity between L1 and L2
    morphemes is a degree to which L1 morpheme can
    correctly be rendered as a corresponding L2
    morpheme (i.e. morphemes occupying the same
    position with respect to the base).
  • no similarity, e.g.
  • ponad- vs. -less in P. ponad-czasowy, E.
    time-less)
  • 1st degree of similarity, e.g.
  • bez- vs. -less in P. bez-glosny, E. voice-less
  • 2nd degree of similarity, e.g.
  • -ik vs. -er in P. glosn-ik, E. loudspeak-er
  • -czas- vs. time- in P. ponad-czas-owy, E.
    time-less)

8
degrees of translational similarity between
derivatives
  • def. a joint translational similarity between
    all the corresponding morphemes of the Polish and
    English derivatives
  • e.g. Pol. Eng.
  • za- a-
  • les- forest
  • ac ? ?
  • whereby two morphemes are corresponding iff they
    occupy the same position with respect to the base.

9
degrees of translational similarity between
derivative groups
  • similarity between derivational groups is a
    function of
  • the grapho-etymological similarity of their
    bases,
  • and the translational similarity of all their
    derivatives.

10
Degrees of graphemic-etymological similarity
between derivational bases
  • def. Similarity established between two bases
    with respect to their etymological and graphemic
    features with the assumption of their
    translational equivalence
  • no similarity, e.g. dom vs. house
  • remote similarity, e.g. brat vs. brother
  • close similarity, e.g. styl vs. style

irrespective of the translational equivalence of
their derivatives
11
Scale of translational similarity between
derivatives
  • This scale used here consists of 12 levels of
    similarity counted from 11 to 0, where 0 stands
    for the lowest level of similarity and 11 denotes
    the highest level of similarity.

0 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11
12
Treatment of compound derivatives
  • If a single compound derivative of the form
    A-B or AB (but not A B) has an equivalent
    in the other language in the form of 2 separate
    words C D then it is included into our
    classification as long as
  • C is a direct translation of A and D is a direct
    translation of B
  • or C is a direct translation of B and D is a
    direct translation of A.
  • This convention has been adopted because
  • Jadackas derivational groups contain only
    derivatives of the form AB or A-B, but no A
    B derivatives
  • Jadackas work constituted the main and most
    reliable source of derivatives and derivational
    groups considered in the study.

13
0 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11
Scale of similarity
  • 11. P. BASE1 BASE2 SUFFIX
  • E. BASE1 BASE2 SUFFIX
  • e.g. slowo - word
  • slowo-twór-stwo ? word form-ation
  • 10. E. BASE1 (BASE2 SUFFIX)
  • P. (BASE2 SUFFIX) BASE1
  • e.g. krew - blood
  • blood-stain-ed ? poplamio-ny krwia
  • 9. E. BASE1 BASE2
  • P. BASE2 (BASE1 SUFFIX)
  • e.g. glos - voice
  • voice-mail ? poczta glos-owa

Compound derivatives 1
14
Compound derivatives 2
0 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11
Scale of similarity
  • 8. P. BASE1 BASE2
  • E. BASE1 BASE2
  • e.g. slowo - word
  • pól-slowo ? half-word
  • 7. E. BASE1 BASE2
  • P. BASE2 BASE1
  • e.g. styl - style
  • free-style ? styl wolny

15
0 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11
  • 6. P. BASE SUFFIX
  • E. BASE SUFFIX
  • e.g. las - forest
  • les-nik forest-er
  • P. BASE SUFFIX SUFFIX
  • E. BASE SUFFIX SUFFIX
  • e.g. styl - style
  • styl-ist-yczny styl-ist-ic
  • P. PREFIX BASE SUFFIX
  • E. PREFIX BASE SUFFIX
  • e.g. las - forest
  • wy-les-anie de-forest-ation
  • P. PREFIX BASE SUFFIX SUFFIX
  • E. PREFIX BASE SUFFIX SUFFIX
  • e.g. centrum - centre
  • de-centr-al-izowac de-centr-al-ize

Scale of similarity
Single derivatives 1
16
0 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11
Scale of similarity
  • 5. P. PREFIX BASE SUFFIX
  • E. BASE SUFFIX SUFFIX
  • e.g. dziecko - child
  • bez-dziet-nosc ? child-less-ness
  • 4. P. PREFIX BASE SUFFIX
  • E. BASE SUFFIX
  • e.g. pan - lord
  • wielko-pan-ski ? lord-ly
  • 3. P. PREFIX BASE SUFFIX
  • E. PREFIX BASE
  • e.g. las - forest
  • za-les-ac ? a-forest

Single derivatives 2
17
  • 2. P. BASE SUFFIX
  • E. BASE ____
  • e.g. slowo - word
  • slow-nik ? word-book
  • P. BASE SUFFIX
  • E. BASE
  • e.g. dziecko - child
  • diec-inka ? child
  • 1. P. BASE SUFFIX SUFFIX
  • E. _____ _______ SUFFIX
  • e.g. slowo - word
  • slow-nik-arz ? lexico-graph-er
  • P. BASE SUFFIX
  • E. _____ SUFFIX
  • e.g. znak - sign
  • znacz-nik ? mark-er

0 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11
Scale of similarity
Single derivatives 3
18
0 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11
Scale of similarity
  • 0. E. BASE BASE
  • P. _____
  • e.g. time - czas
  • time-piece ? zegarek
  • P. BASE SUFFIX
  • E. _____
  • e.g. kosc - bone
  • kos-tka ? ankle
  • E. PREFIX BASE
  • P. _______
  • e.g. child - dziecko
  • grand-child ? wnuk

Single derivatives 4
19
Experiment
  • 540 Polish-English pairs of derivatives were
    judged as to their similarity according to the
    12-point scale presented above
  • the translational similarity points for each pair
    of derivatives obtained for each of the Polish
    and English bases together with the
    grapho-etymological similarity between these
    bases were analysed statistically

20
Statistical tests applied in the study
  • in spite of nonnormality of the data the
    following parametric tests were applied
  • MANOVA for
  • for translational similarity between derivatives
    by
  • grapho-etymological similarity between the basis
    these derivatives were obtained from, and
  • direction of translation
  • (Polish-English based on Jadacka 95 and Collins
    Polish-English Electronic Dictionary,
  • English-Polish based on Harper-Collins
    Electronic Dictionary and Collins English-Polish
    Electronic Dictionary)
  • Multiple Range Tests for
  • translational similarity of the derivatives,
    irrespective of whether they were obtained
    through Polish-English or English-Polish
    translation
  • by grapho-etymological similarity between the
    Polish and English bases they were derived from
  • Multiple Range Tests for
  • translational similarity of the derivatives
    obtained through Polish-English translation
  • by grapho-etymological similarity between the
    Polish and English bases they were derived from
  • additionally some non-parametric tests were
    applied
  • Mann-Whitney W test to compare
  • medians of the similarity points obtained for the
    derivatives in Polish-English translation
  • with the medians of the similarity points
    obtained for the derivatives in English-Polish
    translation

21
Some results MANOVA
  • Type III Sums of Squares was used
  • All F-ratios were based on the residual mean
    square error.
  • Source
    Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio
    P-Value
  • Agraph_ethym_sim_betw_bases
    590,704 2 295,352 53,53
    0,0000
  • Bdirection_of_translation
    195,227 1 195,227 35,38
    0,0000
  • RESIDUAL 2957,27
    536 5,5173
  • TOTAL (CORRECTED) 3903,44
    539
  • The P-values test the statistical significance of
    each of the sources. Since P-values are less than
    0,05,
  • these grapho-etymological similarity between
    bases and the direction of translation have a
    statistically
  • significant effect on the translational
    similarity between the derivatives obtained from
    these bases
  • at the 95,0 confidence level.

22
Some results Multiple Range Tests
  • Contrast
    Difference /- Limits
  • 0 - 1 0,197742
    1,25397
  • 0 - 2 -2,60124
    0,488299
  • 1 - 2 -2,79898
    1,30672
  • denotes a statistically significant difference.
  • which means that the derivational groups
  • of the Polish-English bases that were judged
    to bear no similarity with respect to their
    grapho-etymological features, and the
    derivational groups
  • of the bases that were judged to be remotely
    similar with respect to their grapho-etymological
    features
  • (i.e. 0-1) do not differ significantly with
    respect to the similarity of the derivatives that
    constitute derivational groups of each of these
    basis.
  • on the other hand, groups derived from bases
    that differed in their etymology and graphemic
    representation (contrasts 0-2 and 1-2) have
    significantly different derivatives as far as the
    translational similarity of these derivatives is
    concerned.

23
1 2 5 7
8
Frequency Cumulative
540 observations 100
24
Applications of the study
  • The results of the study provide insights into
    the possibility of automatic translation of
    UNKNOWN L1 derivatives on the basis of
  • the L2 equivalents of the component morphemes of
    L1 derivative
  • the degree of grapho-etymological similarity
    between the bases of these derivatives

25
  • For example
  • assume
  • we do not know the equivalent of a derivative
    lesnik
  • we can interpret bases even if they are modified
    by other morphemes (las ? les-)
  • we know the equivalents of the component
    morphemes
  • les- ( las) ? forest
  • -nik ? -er
  • we know the grapho-etymological similarity
    between the bases ( 0)
  • Hence, we guess with a relatively small certainty
    that
  • English equivalent of lesnik is forester

26
Pessimistic scenario for automatic translation of
derivatives
0 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11
Scale of similarity
27
Optimistic scenario for automatic translation of
derivatives
0 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11
Scale of similarity
28
Very optimistic scenario for automatic
translation of derivatives
0 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11
Scale of similarity
29
Conclusions
  • COMPOSITIONALITY The meaning of the derivative
    is a direct function of the meaning of its
    morphemes in app. 38-56 of cases
  • Assuming we know the equivalents of all the
    morphemes of an L1 derivative we have app. 38-56
    chance of producing a comprehensible L2
    derivative
  • The grapho-etymological similarity of L1 and L2
    bases influences the translational similarity of
    their derivational groups
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