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1
The Muslim World Expands, 13001700
Three great Muslim powersthe Ottoman, Safavid,
and Mughal empiresemerge between 1300 and 1600.
By 1700 all three were in decline.
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2
The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire that
combine many cultures and lasted for more than
600 years.
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3
The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
Turks Move into Byzantium
Turkish Warriors Many Turks live in Anatolia,
on edge of Byzantine Empire Many see
themselves as ghaziswarriors who fight for
Islam
Osman Establishes a State From 1300 to 1326,
Osman, successful ghazi, builds state in
Anatolia Europeans call him Othman and
followers Ottomans Ottomans win battles because
they use muskets and cannons Successors
expand state through alliances and land buying
Continued . . .
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4
continued Turks Move into Byzantium
Osman Establishes a State Orkhan, Osmans son,
declares himself sultan overlord In 1361,
Turks conquer Adrianople Ottomans rule fairly
over conquered peoples
Timur the Lame Halts Expansion Timur the
LameTamerlanerises to power in Central
Asia Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning
Baghdad
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5
Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion
Murad II Murad II begins expansion
Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople Murads son,
Mehmed II, conquers Constantinople in
1453 Opens city to Jews, Christians, and
Muslims and rebuilds
Ottomans Take Islams Holy Cities In 1512,
Selim the Grim, Mehmeds grandson, comes to
power He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes
into North Africa Conquers Mecca, Medina, and
Cairo important Muslim cities
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6
Suleyman the Lawgiver
A Great Ruler Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selims
son, rules from 1520 to 1566
The Empire Reaches Its Limits Suleyman conquers
Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes (1522) Ottomans
control eastern Mediterranean Turks take North
African coastline, control inland trade routes
Suleymans forces advance to Vienna By 1526,
Ottoman Empire is the largest in the world
Continued . . .
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7
continued Suleyman the Lawgiver
Highly Structured Social Organization Suleyman
creates law code, reduces bureaucracy,
simplifies taxation Army uses devshirmedrafts
boys from conquered lands Trains 30,000 elite
soldiersjanissariesloyal only to the
sultan Jews and Christians allowed to practice
own religion
Cultural Flowering Suleymans broad interests
lead to flourishing of arts, learning Sinan,
brilliant architect, designs magnificent Mosque
of Suleyman
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8
The Empire Declines Slowly
Gradual Fall Suleyman kills one son and exiles
another Third son inherits throne but rules
weakly Later sultans kill their brothers and
leave their sons uneducated Long line of weak
sultans leads to empires eventual fall
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9
CASE STUDY The Safavid Empire
The Safavid Empire produce a rich and complex
blended culture in Persia.
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10
Cultural Blending
CASE STUDYThe Safavid Empire
Patterns of Cultural Blending
Cultural Blending in Persia Between16th and
18th centuries a Shiite Muslim dynasty ruled
Persia Safavid EmpireShiite Muslim dynasty
from 16th to 18th centuries
Causes of Cultural Blending Changes occur
through migration, conquest, trade, or religion
Results of Cultural Blending Changes in
language, religion, government, use of
technology Racial and ethnic blending,
intermarriage Cultural styles adapted into arts
and architecture
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11
The Safavids Build an Empire
Safavid Origins Begins as religious order named
for founder Safavids concentrate on building
powerful military
Ismail Conquers Persia Fourteen-year-old
Ismail conquers Iran by 1451 Takes title of
shahking Makes Shia Islam official religion
kills Sunnis Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands
empire
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12
A Safavid Golden Age
Abbas the Great Shah AbbasAbbas the
Greattakes throne in 1587
Reforms Helps create a thriving Safavid
culture Reforms military and government brings
in Christian trade
A New Capital Esfahannew capitalis one of
worlds most beautiful cities
Art Works Chinese artisans blend Chinese and
Persian styles
Carpets Carpet weaving becomes national
industry
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The Dynasty Declines Quickly
The Safavid Empire Weakens Abbas kills and
blinds his ablest sons Safi, Abbass
incompetent grandson, leads to empires
decline By 1722, the empire is losing land to
the Ottomans and Afghans Nadir Shah Afshar
expands the empire, but it falls apart in 1747
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14
The Mughal Empire brings Turks, Persians, and
Indians together in a vast empire.
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15
The Mughal Empire in India
Early History of the Mughals
Mongol Invaders Mughals, or Mongols, invade
northwestern India
Conflict Muslims and Hindus fight for almost
300 years In 1000, loose empire of Turkish
warlordsDelhi Sultanateforms
Delhi Sultanate Sultans rule from Delhi between
13th and 16th centuries Timur the Lame
destroys Delhi in 1398
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Early History of the Mughals
Babur Founds an Empire Babur becomes king of
small land in Central Asia at age 11 Is
dethroned and driven south into India Army
conquers much of northern India, forming Mughal
Empire Son Humayun loses most of the territory
Babur conquered Baburs grandson succeeds
Humayan
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17
Akbars Golden Age
Baburs Grandson AkbarGreatest One rules
India from 1556 to 1605
A Military Conqueror Akbar uses cannons names
native Indians as officers
A Liberal Ruler Akbar allows religious freedom
and abolishes tax on non-Muslims Akbar
allows all people a chance to serve in high
government office Hindu finance minister
develops better tax plan income grows Akbar
gives land to his officials, then reclaims it
when they die
Continued . . .
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continued Akbars Golden Age
A Flowering of Culture Many cultures blend,
mixing art, education, politics, and
language New languages like Hindi and Urdu
emerge
The Arts and Literature Book illustrations,
called miniatures, flourish Hindu literature
reemerges during Akbars rule
Architecture New architectural style named for
Akbar develops
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Akbars Successors
Jahangir and Nur Jahan Akbars son, Jahangir,
allows wife Nur Jahan to control
government Nur Jahan appoints her father prime
minister Nur Jahan favors son Khusrau over
other sons Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs,
nonviolent religious group Sikhs become
targets of Mughal hatred
Continued . . .
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20
continued Akbars Successors
Shah Jahan Shah JahanJahangirs son and
successor, marries Persian princess Assassinat
es all competitors for throne His wife dies
while giving birth to her 14th child in
1631 Taj Mahalhuge marble tomb Shah Jahan
builds for his wife Taj Mahal is one of the
most beautiful buildings in the world
Continued . . .
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21
continued Akbars Successors
The People Suffer People suffer paying for wars
and monuments Shah Jahans third
sonAurangzebimprisons father and takes over
Aurangzebs Reign Rules between 1658 and 1707
expands empire to its largest Strictly
enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid of
Hindus Hindus rebel and Sikhs become
militant Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus,
causing more rebellion
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The Empires Decline and Decay
The Mughal Empire Crumbles Over 2 million
people die of famine while Aurangzeb wages
war Emperor becomes a figurehead empire breaks
into separate states Meanwhile, traders
arrive from England, Holland, France,
Portugal European traders gain key ports
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