Al-Saadiq The Sixth Imam

1
Al-SaadiqThe Sixth Imam

• By A.S. Hashim. MD

2
Who is Al-Saadiq? Lineage
Great Granddaughter of Abu Bakr
3
Lineage
Father Al-Baaqir
Grandfather Zainul Abideen
Al-Saadiq
Mother Umm Farwa
Great granddaughter of Abu Bakr
4
Early childhood

• Born in 83 Hijrah
• Close to his father Al-Baaqir and grandfather
  Zainul Abideen
• Visited with them Al-Masjid Al-Nabawi quite often
• Was tutored by both father and grandfather
• Memorized the Quran and learned a great deal
  about Islam early on

5
In his Boyhood

• Al-Saadiq learned about
• Undercover agents and informants of Benu Umayya
  against the lovers of Ahlul Bayt
• Al-Hajjaj and his cruelty in Iraq
• The loyalist and supporters of Ahlul Bayt
• The ongoing process of teaching Islam to so many
  students
• The discussions about various Islamic topics

6
In his boyhood

• Al-Saadiqs grandfather Zainul Abideen, and
  father Al-Baaqir were active in teaching him
• the Holy Quran, then
• Tafseer, followed by
• the Hadith and
• Al-Ah'kaam
• Al-Saadiq was eager in learning and extremely
  receptive.  He showed an unparalleled brilliance.
  
• Besides his father, learning came at the hands of
  his family.

7
The three phases of Islam
1. Muhammad
ISLAM
2. Ali, Hasan Husain
3. Rest of Imams
8
The 1st of 3 Phases of Islam
PHASE CARRIED OUT BY TASKS CONSISTING  OF
FIRST PHASE   Muhammad  (pbuh) Emphasis was on teaching Islam in depth, especially to the Sahaaba  (Companions) and making Islam available to the maximum number of peopleyet, bearing in mind that it would take an average person a long time to assimilate Islam. Therefore, Muhammad (pbuh) did not fight the hypocrites.
9
The 2nd of 3 Phases of Islam
PHASE CARRIED OUT BY TASKS CONSISTING  OF
SECOND PHASE   Ali, Al-Hasan, and Al-Husain They were the 3 who were to confront the negative forces caused by Islamicly weak persons which threatened to undermine Islam  Be it during Ali's Khilaafah, Al-Hasan's acceptance of peaceful terms, or the events leading to the explosive but anticipated Karbala as led by Al-Husain.
10
The 3rd of 3 Phases of Islam
PHASE CARRIED OUT BY TASKS CONSISTING  OF
THIRD PHASE   Zainul Abideen and the Imams after him. Zainul Abideen took on his shoulders the heavy task of teaching the scholars  (the educational endeavor) once the confrontational phase was over.  This culminated by establishing the Islamic Institute  (Institute of Ahlul Bayt).  The main source of information was the Corpus of Knowledge Imam Ali left.  The Institute was to expand and flourish by later Imams.
11
Al-Saadiq Understands Phase III

• Having reviewed the Islamic environs Al-Saadiq
  focuses on Phase III
• Much discussion takes place between him and his
  father and grandfather
• Decision seems so obvious for the course of
  action
• Early on Al-Saadiq participates enthusiastically
  in the teaching endeavor

12
Al-Saadiq in his Teens

• Father Al-Baaqir was the acknowledged head of
  Ahlul Bayt's Institute,
• Uncle Zaid Ibn Ali was an active participant,
• Al-Saadiq and his brothers were managers of the
  institutes affairs.
• Al-Saadiq was actively teaching, directing,
  debating, discussing, and disputing numerous
  Islamic issues.
• The Golden Chain of Narration

13
Al-Saadiq in his Twenties

• Marries Granddaughter of Al-Hasan, Children
• Abdullah
• Ismail
• Manages the Institute along with his father
• Tutors his Children
• The Weakening of Benu Umayya's Rule
• Works at the orchard to earn their living, and
• Was frequently at the Masjid Al-Nabawi performing
  Salat and reading Du'aa. 

14
Al-Saadiq in his Thirties

• Al-Baaqir died at the age of 57
• Before his death Al-Baaqir confers the Imamah on
  Al-Saadiq, and trusts him with the Corpus of
  Knowledge
• By now Al-Saadiq is 31 Yrs old.
• Medina and Mecca have become the intellectual
  centers of learning
• Imamah means a designation (Nass) by the Almighty
  sent down to Muhammad (pbuh) through Jubra'eel,
  then passed down from one Imam to the subsequent
  one

15
Al-Saadiq in his Thirties

• Refuses to Participate in Toppling Benu Umayya
• Fully aware of the underground movement against
  Benu Umayya
• Vigorously Teaches
• Tafseer and Hadith
• Shari'ah and Fiqh
• Ah'Kaam and Ethics
• Other sciences and referring to the Golden Chain
  of narration

16
Corpus of Knowledge

• Corpus of Knowledge consists of the following

1. Quran in chorological order
2. Tafseer (Mushaf Fatima)
3. Hadith (Saheefa of Ali)
4. Ahkaam
5. Al-Jafr
6. White Jafr Prophets and early times
7. Red Jafr Rules of war in Islam

17
Al-Saadiq in his Forties

• Marries Hameedah Al-Maghribiyah
• Al-Kadhim is Born
• Ismail, the oldest son, dies in his thirties
• Revolts to topple Benu Umayya spread
• The capable and cunning Abu Muslim defeats Benu
  Umayya at Zap Battle
• Benu Umayya are chased out and put to the sword
• Even the graves of Benu Umayyas Khalifas were
  dug out and the remains put to the fire

18
Al-Saadiq in his Forties

• Many revolts took place against the oppressive
  rulers
• Benu Umayya had become very weak at the same time
• Abu Muslim Al-Khurasani led the opposing powers
  from Khurasan
• Abu Muslim was joined by forces in Iraq led by
  Benu Abbas
• The great battle at Zab took place
• Benu Umayya were soundly defeated

19
Al-Saadiq in his Forties

• The revolts against Benu Umayya were by Mawaali
  and Arabs who were fed up with the dictatorial
  rulers
• They revolted to champion Ahlul Bayt and uphold
  them. ????? ?? ??? ????
• Al-Saadiq did not take part, instead he was
  extremely busy in the Institute which reached its
  zenith by then
• Al-Saffah of Benu Abbas becomes Khalifa, followed
  by Al-Mansoor

20
During Al-Saadiqs Imamah

• The institute of Ahlul Bayt is at its zenith
• Up to 4,000 scholars graduate during his Imamah
• Graduates write about 400 books Al-Usool
  Al-Arbamiah ?????? ??????????
• Numerous knowledge seekers travel from far away
  (and live in Medina) to attend his discourses
• He argues with the Kharijis (deviators) and
  Ghulaat (exaggerationists) and all other deviant
  groups.

21
The Institute graduatesEducational works of
Al-Saadiq versus Al-Baaqir

• During Al-Baaqirs time, 300 Scholars graduated.
• During Al-Saadiqs time 4,000 Scholars graduated.
• Many Scholars of Al-Baaqir continued Afterward
  with Al-Saadiq
• The graph compares the relative numbers of
  scholars during both Imams times
• This remarkable growth came only when pressure on
  Ahlul Bayt eased off

22
Al-Saadiqs Character I

• Worked with his hands in the fields
• Used to deal as a merchant, selling and buying
  various goods
• Dress in immaculate manner
• Had an appearance commanding reverence and high
  esteem
• Discourse Capacity  People were spellbound by
  his discussions
• Fiqh clarification, dissemination, and
  systematization were closely related to Imam
  Al-Saadiq

23
Al-Saadiqs Character 2

• Sciences of Islam were paramount in his mind, be
  it the Holy Quran, Hadith, Fiqh, or Philosophy
• Was the most ethical, one who scrupulously
  applied the Islamic ethical conduct
• Was the prototype and model of piety
• Was renowned for his nobility, virtue, and
  rectitude
• He was hospitable and a very generous person
• He held the poor in good regard, and gave in
  charity repeatedly

24
Al-Saadiqs Character 3

• Among other things he Focused on
• the ethics and mannerism of Islam. 
• stressed the perfection of character in his
  teachings, and
• repeatedly reminded his students to incorporate
  goodness of character, based on piety (Taq'wa),
• He urged his students to
• deal in commerce, manufacture, and science
• more so to be as independent as possible, thus
  avoid dealing with the government and politics.
• to excel in administration and management, and to
  be dynamic in all aspects of life

25
The Golden Chain of Narration

• Thousands of Hadiths were narrated and quoted
  through Ja'far Al-Saadiq. 
• He often said, "My Hadith is the Hadith of my
  father, and his is the Hadith of his father, up
  to Ali, who directly narrated the Hadith from
  Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)."   This is called the
  Golden Chain of Narration.
• These Hadiths were of immense importance, since
  they corrected the inaccuracies and set right the
  contaminations which had crept into this science.
    

26
Golden Chain of Narration (so far)
The Chain
27
The Institute holding discourses

• Discourses used to be held at
• Al-Saadiqs Home
• Masjid Al-Nabawi
• Mecca during Haj
• Discourses consisted of
• Answering questions, quoting Hadith, Tafseer,
  Matters pertaining to Fiqh and many others

28
The Institute The whereabouts

• To seek his knowledge people came hundreds or
  thousands of miles from
• Kufa
• Basra
• Qum
• Yemen
• Syria
• Egypt and many more
• Many made their home in Medina for the sake of
  studying at Al-Saadiqs hands

29
To seek his knowledge, they Hailed from
30
The Institute The Students

• Students became Mujtahid, many formed their own
  School of Thought (Madhhabs)
• Abu Hanifa
• Anas Ibn Malik
• Sufyan Al-Thawri
• Ibn U'yainah
• Al-Aw'zaa'i
• Some of these Schools of Thought survived till
  today, other perished after 1-3 centuries, for
  lack of government support

31
The Institute The Students

• The core were Shia, close, devotees, special
• They were the Special who wrote books, led
  discussions, argued, the activists
• The activists even practiced the technique of the
  way to argue and to present their point of view
• Majority were not Shi'a, they were Aammah
  (general public)
• Some were scholarly whose teachings later formed
  Madhhabs, such as Abu Hanifa and Malik
• Others attended just to learn

32
Al-Saadiq argued with men of Ideologies
Ideology Their belief
The Ghulaat Exaggerationists
Khariji Deviators
Murji'ah Postpone it to God
Mu'tazila Theological Logic
Jabriah Absolute Predestination believers
Qadariyah Absolute Free-will believers
The Zandeeqs Agnostics
33
Of the 4,000 Al-Saadiqs Students

• Ibn Uqda in his book Al-Mutabar
• Names the 4,000 student-scholars who attended the
  institute
• Book (Al-Mutabar) was written at the end of the
  2nd Century H
• Ibn Uqda was Shafii
• Sahih Bukhari quotes 70 of Al-Saadiqs
  student-scholars
• Al-Sihaah Al-Sittah quote 300 of Al-Saadiqs
  student-scholars
• Names of these students are in Book Al-Ghadeer,
  by Amini

34
The Institute of Ahlul Bayt

• Al-Saadiq The Greatest Personality the 2nd
  Islamic Century Produced
• 4000 Scholars tutored
• The 400 Books of Usool
• Abu Hanifa and Malik ibn Anas
• Quranic Sciences and Tafseer
• Hadith and Ahkaam
• Theological Logic, Philosophy, and other subjects

35
Subjects Taught

1. The Quran and its Tafseer
2. Fiqh and Jurisprudence
3. Science of Hadith
4. Philosophy
5. Science of Kalaam
6. Chemistry
7. Biology
8. The study of Arabic Language
9. Seerah of the Prophet
10. encouraged his students to write and author books
    for the benefit of others

36
Subjects of Discussions
Discussions
37
Noteworthy Students

• Abu Hanifa (Head of Hanafi Madhhab)
• Malik ibn Anas (Head of Maaliki Madhhab)
• Jabir ibn Hayyan (known as Geber in Europe)
• Wasil ibn Ata (Head of Mutazila)
• Hisham ibn Hakam
• Mu'min Al-Taaq
• Sufyan Al-Thawri (Head of his own Madhhab)
• Al-Aw'zaai (Head of his own Madhhab)
• Ibn U'yainah

38
Al-Maaliki about Al-Saadiq
"I used to attend discourses given by Ja'far Al-Saadiq, who most of the time had a cheerful look and serene countenance, but whenever the Prophet's (pbuh) name was mentioned his color would immediately change becoming pale in of awe Him. I frequently attended his discourses over a long period of time and often saw him either praying, fasting, or reading the Holy Quran. I never saw him talking about Allah's Messenger (pbuh) without him being in a state of Wudu. Al-Saadiq never spoke about anything of no concern to him. Al-Saadiq was a pious and devout man, who donated himself to Allah. ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? (?) ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????
39
(No Transcript)
40
Ismah Emphasized

• Ismah  Ayah of Tatheer Surah  33   Ayah  33.
• Ahlul Bayt are to be obeyed, not just revered
• Imamah  was of immense importance. A designated
  Imam was Ma'soom, i.e., safeguarded by Allah from
  
• Religious error,
• sin, and
• forgetfulness.
• Those who ignore the Imamah will have ignored a
  basic pillar in their faith.

41
Contemporary schools of thought
Numerous Piety-minded communities were already in existence headed by its leader called Aalim. They were each active and many were highly influential. To mention just a few there were The Shi'a (Imamah-Asserters), School of Ibn Abbas, School of Ibn Omar, Murji'ah, Khariji, Mu'tazila, Jabriah, Qadariyah, Jah'miyyah Along with less important others
42
Contemporary Khulafaa
During his Lifetime, Al-Saadiq was contemporary to the Following Rulers of Benu Umayya Benu Marwan Abdul Malik son of Marwan Waleed son of Abdul Malik Suleiman son of Abdul Malik Omar son of Abdul Aziz Yazid II son of Abdul Malik Hisham son of Abdul Malik Al-Waleed grandson of Abdul Malik Yazid III son of Al-Waleed Ibrahim, son of Al-Waleed Marwan the Ass, as named by the people.
43
Select sayings of Al-Saadiq 1

• Fear Allah as if you see Him 
• For, if you do not see Him, He certainly sees
  you. 
• And if you think that He does not see you, you
  will have disbelieved in Him. 
• And if you know that He sees you, yet you commit
  disobedience, you will have disrespected His
  overseeing you.
• The believer is good at helping others,
• He is light of burden to others, and
• A good manager of his livelihood,
• And he sees to it that he won't get stung by a
  bad experience more than once.

44
(No Transcript)
45
Select sayings of Al-Saadiq 2

• The desire for the worldly pleasures causes grief
  and sadness. Abstinence from the worldly
  pleasures brings about the serenity of both heart
  and body.
• He who gains oppression is not gaining welfare.
  He who mistreats people should not complain when
  people mistreat him.
• A Muslim always has three characteristics
• knowledge about the religion,
• good management of life, and
• perseverance in the faces of calamities.

46
(No Transcript)
47
Select sayings of Al-Saadiq 3

• When asked about eloquence Imam al-Saadiq
  answered Eloquence is to express the idea in as
  few words as possible. The eloquent person is the
  one who attains his demand in the most
  straightforward way.
• Fear Allah even if to some extent. Construct a
  screen between Him and you even if transparent.
• Treat your fathers piously so that your sons will
  treat you piously. Keep yourselves away from the
  strange women so that your women will be chaste.
• Salutation is voluntary while responding is
  obligatory.
• Shake hands, because this will confiscate malice.

48
Select sayings of Al-Saadiq 4

• We love those who are intelligent, knowledgeable,
  perceptive, expert, clement, courteous, patient,
  veracious, and loyal. Allah gave the noble
  characters exclusively to the Prophets.
• He who enjoys such characters should thank Allah
  for them. He who does not enjoy them should
  supplicate to Allah for them.
• As he was asked about these noble characters,
  Imam al-Saadiq said
• The noble characters are piety, satisfaction,
  patience, gratitude, clemency, prudence,
  generosity, bravery, enthusiasm, veracity,
  charity, fulfillment of the trusts, conviction,
  good mannerism, and chivalry.

49
(No Transcript)
50
Select sayings of Al-Saadiq 5

• Imam al-Saadiq said to his companion Mufaddal I
  instruct you to stick to six characters and
  relate them to my adherents Shia.
• You should fulfill the trust of him who entrusts
  you with anything.
• You should like for your brother whatever you
  like for yourself.
• You should know that every matter has an end
  therefore, you should beware of the outcomes of
  matters.
• Similarly, every matter has a sudden event
  hence, beware of the sudden events.
• Beware of climbing an easy mountain if its slope
  is uneven.
• Never promise your brother of a matter that you
  cannot fulfill.

51
Imam Al-Saadiq dies

• Imam Al-Saadiq died at the age of 65 years.
• His Imamah was for 34 Years
• His death was mourned by numerous people
• He designated his son, Al-Kadhim, as the
  subsequent Imam
• He handed Al-Kadhim the books constituting the
  Corpus of Knowledge which Imam Ali had written
  before.
• Imam Al-Saadiq was buried in Al-Baqii, by the
  burial site of his forefathers, the previous Imams

52
Picture of Al-Baqii Before After 1925
Al-Baqii after it was destroyed Al-Baqii before 1925

53
Ziyarah of Al-Saadiq in Baqii

• ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????
  ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????
• ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????
  ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????
  ??????????? ??? ???????????? ????????????????????
  ? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????
  ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????
  ?????????? ?????? ???????????
• ???????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????
  ???????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????????
  ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????
  ????????? ???????????? ?????????????
  ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????
  ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????????
  ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????
  ?????????

54
Ziyarah of Al-Saadiq in Baqii

• Peace be upon you O Leaders of Guidance Peace be
  upon you O Masters of Piety,
• Peace be upon you O Proofs of Allah on the people
  of the earth
• Peace be upon you who were Steadfast in dealing
  with justice.
• Peace be upon you O people of the Chosen One.
• Peace be upon you the Family of the Prophet of
  Allah,
• Peace be upon you O people whose souls converse
  to the Almighty,
• I bear witness that you had Proclaimed and
  Advised and had Persevered for the sake of Allah
• And that you were belied and mistreated, yet you
  forgave
• And I bear witness that you are the rightly
  guided leaders and that obedience to you is
  incumbent and that your speech is correct and you
  had invited to the Truth but were not answered
  and you commanded but were not followed

55
Finally Let us Read Surah al-Asr Together
56
Be in Allahs Care

• Thank you and May God Bless you.
• Dr. A.S. Hashim