History Review

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History Review

• Kaline

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Period 1 (1491-1607)

• Key concepts
• The relationship between Europeans and Native
  Americans
• The Columbian Exchange (A new curriculum)
• Enconmedia System
• Economic and Political Systems
• Social and Geographical Changes

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Colonization

• Europeans (Spanish and Portuguese) put Natives in
  slavery, justifying that their religion was
  barbaric because it wasnt Christianity which
  Juan de Sepulveda agreed with and Bartolome de
  Las Casas did not.
• Europeans
• brought diseases
• Africans
• Maroon communities created to preserve african
  culture/autonomy in New World
• combined with Spanish cultures/customs
• Spanish
• Spanish mission system where there were military
  outposts to help convert natives
• Las Cades argued that Natives needed to be
  treated equally, which ended Enconmedia system
• beginning of white supremacy

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The Columbian Exchange

• Trade of plants, animals, humans, diseases, and
  culture between America, Europe and Africa
• Connection of the Two hemisphere
• Americas to Europe and Africa potatoes, corn,
  tomatoes. Shift from feudalism to capitalism.
• Europe to Americas wheat, rice, horses,
  chickens, oxen
• Europe and Asia massive population growth due to
  new food
• Africa Spanish and Portuguese increased their
  number of slaves
• In America spread of diseases like smallpox,
  social classes having Mestizos and Mulattos as
  the lowest class, horses a new form of
  transportation, Encomienda system

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Economic Political Systems

• New Agricultural economy in the Americas corn
  was a major product because it transformed their
  culture from hunter-gatherers to farmers and
  increased their population.
• Northeast and Atlantic Seaboard
• Iroquois matriarchal (female) society where they
  adapted to their environment - burned forests to
  hunt and grow crops and villages built around
  maize

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Technological Improvements

• sextant - basically a GPS
• Joint-stock companies - pooled money together to
  pay for exploration
• Reasons for exploration were for three Gs
  Wealth (gold), glory and religion (god).

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Period 2 (1607-1754)

• Key Concepts
• Similarities/Differences in Spanish, French,
  Dutch English
• Interactions between Native Americans and Euro.
  countries above
• How and why slavery evolved
• Geographical location

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Spanish, French, Dutch English

• Spanish
• strict control over colonization (trade in few
  ports), exploited natives
• sought to convert natives to Christianity,
  forced many into encomienda system and used as
  trading partners
• French/Dutch
• French ? intermarried w/ natives
• Coureurs de Bois - French beaver fur traders
  living amongst natives - alliance with Algonquin
  Indians
• Dutch ? built extensive trade routes (mostly NY
  like French)
• encouraged settlement to New World
• English
• based on agriculture, immigrants, hostility to
  Natives
• tobacco cash crop
• conflict w/ natives - Powhatans, Bacons
  Rebellion, Pequot War, King Philip's War
  (natoves vs. english in Wampanoags)

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Slave Trade in British Colonies

• Emergence of Atlantic Slave trade b/c abundance
  of land meant a need for laborers and agriculture
  farming shortage of indentured servants esp.
  after Bacons rebellion in 1676. Africans were
  more immune to Euro. diseases than Native
  Americans
• belief of racial superiority. Surrogate relatives
  where slaves relied on kinship networks
• slave resistance meant working slowly, faking
  illnesses etc. - Stono Rebellion in 1739 in South
  Carolina where 100 Africans killed several whites
  trying to flee. They were executed and harsh laws
  were passed

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Geography Major Crops

• New England- Religion ?
• Puritan beliefs were Anglican Church needed to be
  purified not separate
• John Winthrops City Upon a hill
• Lack of religious toleration
• Town-hall meetings where church members had the
  power. No separation of church and state.
• Economy ?
• agriculture - Boston becomes major city PORT
• Middle Colonies
• most diverse demographically, religiously and
  ethnically
• quakers in Pennsylvania (William Penn) -
  religiously tolerant
• Women in Pennsylvania - more rights - equal
  positions in Church
• Immigrants from Germany

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cont...

• Chesapeake Colonies North Carolina
• tobacco is their dependant crop. Plantations
  developed meant more job hours
• exhaust land led to expansion and conflicts w/
  natives
• Southern Colonies West Indies
• rice major staple crop
• very arduous labor - increase in slavery
• West Indies (Barbados)
• sugar
• Slaves therefore began to make up the majority of
  the population and a development of slave codes
  began being regulated which gave more power to
  slave owners

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European conflicts

• French and Indian war almost all natives were
  allied with French besides Iroquois
• English - tobacco vs. French - furs in Ohio
  value trading w/ natives
• colonists wanted to expand, but Britain forbade
  it and passed acts to raise taxes Molasses Act.
  Effect smuggling
• Spanish colonization accommodating (after Pueblo
  Revolt) vs. English settlers - Natives were
  savages
• tribes traded for guns
• Growth of Slavery
• Middle Passage - shipment of Africans in close
  quarter ships
• Triangular trade - Rum, Sugar, Molasses, Slaves
• merchants defied Navigation Acts traded goods
  w/ French, Dutch, Spanish

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Religion Race

• Evangelism
• Quakes in Maryland Acts of Toleration meant
  tolerance for ALL Christians
• First Great Awakening saw George Whitefield from
  England travel to the colonies to spread religion
• Great Awakening ? Enlightenment led to
  questioning the government and religious
  diversity
• Laws crimes were redefined (John Peter Zenger
  Trial)
• British Imperial System more enforced
• Discrimination
• blacks and whites lived in separate quarters
• Spanish and french more accepting. Spanish saw
  an emergence of Mulattoes and Mestizos (mixed
  people) in the Spanish Empire.