Gender Issues

1
Gender Issues
2
Gender VS sex

• Gender psychosocial (cultural)
• Sex biological

3
Genetic code

• Eggs XX
• Sperm XY

4
Prenatal sexual differentiation

• In the absence of male hormones, female external
  genitals will develop

5
Prenatal structure
6
(No Transcript)
7
Structures

• Female Mullerian ducts
• Male Wolffian ducts

8
Undifferentiated stage
9
Early genital development
10
Advanced genital development
11
Peno-scrotal raphe
12
Homologus structures

• Clitoris glands of the penis
• Scrotum major lips

13
Abnormal prenatal differentiation

• Hermaphrodites
• True hermaphrodite
• One ovary one testicle
• Pseudohermaphrodite
• Often two ovaries penis like clitoris
• May result from
• Chromosomal disorder
• Hormonal disorder
• More common than true hermaphrodites

14
Chromosome errors

• Turners syndrome
• (sterile female with absent or underdeveloped
  ovaries)
• XO
• Normal external genitals
• Lack of menstruation at puberty
• Female gender identity
• http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/00
  0379.htm
• Klinefelters syndrome (sterile male with
  underdeveloped genitals)
• XXY
• http//www.nih.gov/health/chip/nichd/klinefelter/

15
Hormone errors (prenatal)

• Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
• External genitals of male fetus fail to
  differentiate
• Newborn has normal-looking female external
  genitals
• Diagnosed when menstruation does not occur

16
Hormone errors (prenatal)

• Fetally androgenized females (FAF)
• Masculinized external organs

17
John Money study of Joan/John

• Circumcision accident
• Follow-up 17 years later
• The effect of prenatal hormones on brain
  differentiation may be much more influential in
  gender-identity than was originally assumed.

18
Transvestite VS transsexual

• Transvestite cross dresses for sexual arousal
• Transsexual cross dresses to feel comfortable and
  congruent

19
Sex reassignment surgery

• Transsexuals or transgender
• Crossdresses to feel comfortable and congruent
• More men than women
• Ratio is narrowing
• Most preoperative transsexual persons feel they
  are heterosexual.

20
Trans gender surgery results

• http//www.annelawrence.com/twr/

21
Gender assumptions

• The assumptions that men know about sex, are
  responsible for doing a good Job with sex, and
  women are passive is a result of social learning,
  not biology.