Chapter 10: The Kinetic Theory of Matter

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Chapter 10 The Kinetic Theory of Matter

• Section 10.1 Physical Behavior of Matter

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• Main Idea The common states of matter are solid,
  liquid and gas
• Compare characteristics of a solid liquid or gas
• Relate the properties of a solid, liquid, and gas
  to the kinetic theory of matter
• Distinguish among amorphous solids, liquid
  crystals, and plasmas

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Classification

• Based on properties position and movement of
  atoms ions or molecules

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Solid

• has a fixed volume that cannot be compressed into
  a smaller volume
•  
• is rigid with a definite shape because the atoms,
  ions, or, molecules are in fixed positions

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Liquid

• is flowing matter with a definite volume but an
  indefinite shape
•  
• takes the shape of its container

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Gas

• flowing, compressible matter that has no definite
  volume or shape
• spreads out to fill the space
•  
• particles are much farther apart than they are in
  solids and liquids
• particles can be easily pushed together

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Solid, Liquid and Gas

• Video on states of matter

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Brownian Motion

• Robert Brown- 1827
• Observed that particles in water (pollen grains)
  move continuously in random, irregular directions
• Definition constant, random motion of tiny
  chunks of matter
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vhy-clLi8gHg

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Only Water???

• Water molecules are not the only molecules that
  display random motion

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Kinetic Theory of Matter

• states that submicroscopic particles of all
  matter are in constant motion
• Kinetic energy is the energy of moving objects

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Kinetic Model of Gases

• A gas particle can change direction only when it
  strikes the wall of its container or another gas
  particle
• Assumptions Each gas particle rebounds without
  losing kinetic energy and without losing speed,
  but in a new direction
• Collisions of particles in a gas are called
  elastic collisions because no kinetic energy is
  lost

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Ideal gas

• gas with particles that are in constant motion
  but have no attraction for each other. The
  particles undergo elastic collisions.
• Except at very low temperatures or very high
  pressures, nearly all gases act as ideal gases

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Gas Particles and Pressure

• Pressure is the force acting on a unit area of a
  surface Example psi pounds per in2
• Particles in a gas exert a force on each square
  cm of the walls of the container when the wall
  deflects them
• Earths atmosphere (mixture of gases) exerts
  pressure also. Constant bombardment of molecules
  in the air

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Kinetic Model of Liquids

• Particles of a liquid can slide past each other,
  but they are so close together that they dont
  move as straight as gas particles

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Kinetic Model of Solids

• Strong forces between particles explain the rigid
  structure of solids
• Particles of a solid cannot move past each other,
  but they are in constant motion (vibration)
•  
• Particles occupy fixed positions in a well
  defined, 3-dimensional arrangement
• Crystal lattice- The arrangement, which is
  repeated throughout the solid
•  
• When a solid melts, its crystal lattices
  disintegrate and its particles lose their
  3-dimensional pattern

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• Other forms of matter not classified as solids,
  liquids or gases
• http//education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-kin
  etic-molecular-theory-properties-of-solids-and-liq
  uids.htmllesson

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Amorphous Solid

• Haphazard, disjointed, and incomplete crystal
  lattice
• Examples candle wax, cotton candy, peanut butter
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vbzr-byiSXlA

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Liquid Crystal

• materials that lose their rigid organization in
  only one or two dimensions when they melt
•  
• interparticle forces in a liquid crystal are
  relatively weak and their arrangement is easily
  disrupted
•  
• When the lattice is broken, the crystal can flow
  like a liquid
•  
• Liquid crystal displays (LCDS) are used in
  watches, calculators, etc. because they can
  change colors at specific temperatures
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vnAJgchCI3kg

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Plasma

• an ionized gas that forms at very high
  temperatures
•  
• most common form of matter in the universe but
  least common on Earth (sun and stars)
•  
• can conduct electrical current and are
  electrically neutral (contain equal numbers of
  free electrons and positive ions)
•  
• are called high-energy states of matter because
  high energy is needed to separate and to maintain
  separation of the atoms into ions and electrons

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Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)

• Predicted by Einstein in 1924, Created in 1995
  (CU Boulder- Cornell/ Weiman)
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• a rare state (or phase) of matter that occurs at
  extremely low temperature, near the value of
  absolute zero (at zero- no particles move)
• Superfluid helium-4 that involve Bosons
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vnAGPAb4obs8

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In the July 14, 1995 issue of Science magazine,
researchers from JILA reported achieving a
temperature far lower than had ever been produced
before and creating an entirely new state of
matter predicted decades ago by Albert Einstein
and Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose. Cooling
rubidium atoms to less than 170 billionths of a
degree above absolute zero caused the individual
atoms to condense into a "superatom" behaving as
a single entity. The graphic shows
three-dimensional successive snap shots in time
in which the atoms condensed from less dense red,
yellow and green areas into very dense blue to
white areas. JILA is jointly operated by NIST and
the University of Colorado at Boulder.
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Stop!

• Highlight vocabulary or unknown words.
• Circle any examples you had written down
• Write 3 questions.